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44084436
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya%20ibn%20al-Mughira
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Mu'awiya ibn al-Mughira
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Muʿāwiya ibn al-Mughīra ibn Abī al-ʿĀs ibn Umayya () was a member of the Banu Umayya alleged to be a spy against the Muslims during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, where Muhammad accused him of being a Meccan spy, he was the cousin of Uthman ibn Affan, had been captured after Uhud. Uthman gave him shelter. He was given a grace period of three days and arranged a camel and provisions for his return journey to Mecca. Uthman departed with Muhammad for Hamra-al-Asad, and Muawiya overstayed his grace. Though he fled by the time the army returned, Muhammad ordered his pursuit and execution. The orders were carried out.
This incident is also mentioned in Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham's biography of Muhammad.
See also
List of battles of Muhammad
References
625 deaths
7th-century executions
7th-century Arab people
Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown
Place of birth missing
Place of death unknown
Banu Umayya
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4668300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soggetto%20cavato
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Soggetto cavato
|
Soggetto cavato () is an innovative technique of Renaissance composer Josquin des Prez that was later named by the theorist Zarlino in 1558 in his Le istitutioni harmoniche as soggetto cavato dalle vocali di queste parole, or literally, a subject 'carved out of the vowels from these words.' It is an early example of a musical cryptogram.
This technique relies on the use of syllables from solmization. Guido of Arezzo, an eleventh-century monk, proposed a set of syllables for teaching singers how to sight sing. The syllables, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, were used to help the singers remember the pattern of whole tones and semitones. This technique, called solmization, is still used today with some minor changes, namely 'do' is used instead of 'ut,' and 'si' or 'ti' are used above 'la.'
For implementation, Josquin used these solmization vowels to carve out his musical notes. Using the vowel of each solmization syllable, Josquin coupled the musical pitch of the solmization syllable with the vowel of text he wanted to represent. In the case of the Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae, the text Josquin was trying to represent was Hercules Dux Ferrariae. Therefore, each vowel of those three words is coupled with the appropriate solmization syllable. The solmization syllables then determine the pitch to be used. Thus the subject is carved out of the vowels.
Hercules Dux Ferrariae
Her - re
cu - ut
les - re
Dux - ut
Fer - re
ra - fa
ri - mi
ae - re
re ut re ut re fa mi re
Once the soggetto cavato had been extracted from the text, the composer then used the pitches as a cantus firmus for the work. The Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae is significant in that it is not only the most famous example of a soggetto cavato, but also the first. However, it is not the only time Josquin employed this technique. Josquin wrote other sogetti cavati. He composed a secular piece using the phrase Vive le roi (ut, mi, ut, re, re, sol, mi – syllable ut used for letter v).
Josquin's Missa La sol fa re mi is a soggetto cavato with an associated story. It seems that his patron, Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, temporarily financially strapped, put off the composer's requests for payment with a reassuring "Lascia fare a me" (Leave it to me), whereupon Josquin's friend, the Renaissance poet Serafino d’Aquila, translated the remark into its musical equivalent and incorporated it into a sonnet addressed to the composer.
One of Josquin's through-composed chansons, "Mi lares vous" has the first three syllables mi, la, re in four of the five voices. And finally, his motet Illibata Dei virgo uses Josquin own name as an acrostic in a poem concerning the Virgin Mary. The soggetto la mi la is derived from the name Maria.
The soggetto cavato technique was used by other composers as well and for similar reasons. In fact, Duke Ercole II of Ferrara had five such masses dedicated to him: two by Cipriano de Rore, one by Lupus, one by Maitre Jan and one by Jacquet of Mantua. All five pieces without exception get their inspiration from Josquin's mass. The last one mentioned by Jacquet goes so far as even to quote Josquin several times and use the same sectional structure that Josquin used. However, even though Jacquet borrowed heavily from Josquin for his own version of the Hercules Mass, Jacquet did write another mass based on a sogetto cavato, Missa Ferdinandus dux Calabriae. But it seems Josquin's influence on Jacquet was strong, for this mass, too, shows many similarities to Josquin.
Lupus also seemed influenced by Josquin's soggetto cavato idea. In addition to his Hercules Mass, he wrote another soggetto cavato dedicated to Emperor Charles V entitled Missa Carolus Imperator Romanorum Quintus.
Several composers used the technique without using the Hercules Dux cantus firmus. The composer Jacobus Vaet wrote a work dedicated to the Emperor Ferdinand of Austria based upon the soggetto 'Stat felix domus Austriae'. Adrian Willaert also used a soggetto cavato in two motets for Duke Francesco II Sforza of Milan. One of Willaert's untitled masses may also be based on a soggetto cavato. Costanzo Festa's variations on La Spagna include a movement incorporating the names "Ferdinando" and "Isabella."
Although the soggetto cavato technique is interesting, it had limited use for composers. One of its limitations is the choice of pitches for each vowel. Each vowel only has one possible pitch choice with the exception of the a vowel, which could be fa or la. As mentioned previously Josquin's choice of text lends itself to a solid choice for a cantus firmus. Subsequent composers had considerable difficulty in making some of their soggetti cavati work. On top of this difficulty was the changing nature of music at the time. The composers using the soggetto cavato technique were living in an era when music was becoming liberated from chant and the cantus firmus. Because the soggetto cavato was always used as a cantus firmus, it is not surprising that as the strict cantus firmus treatment fell into disuse, so did the soggetto cavato technique.
References
Lockwood, Lewis. "Soggetto cavato", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vol. 20. Ed. Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 2001.
Moor, Paul. "Josquin des Pres: Plainchant; Missa Panga lingua; Missa la sol fa re mi," High Fidelity 38, 3 (March 1988): 63-64.
Renaissance music
Musical techniques
Italian words and phrases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%20Vorotovi%C4%87
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Filip Vorotović
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Filip Vorotović (Cyrillic: Филип Воротовић, born 8 March 1998) is a Montenegrin footballer who most recently played as a forward for the Serbian SuperLiga side FK Teleoptik.
Club career
In 2014, he joined Partizan. He returned to his hometown club Sutjeska Nikšić the following year. He played with FK Teleoptik in the first half of the 2016–17 Serbian League Belgrade.
On 10 February 2017, he joined Slovenian side Olimpija Ljubljana but failed to make any appearance in the Slovenian PrvaLiga.
In summer 2017 he returned to Serbia and signed with top league side Borac Čačak.
On 14 February 2018, Vorotović officially promoted as a new member of Spartak Subotica, penning three-and-a-half year deal with the club.
References
1998 births
Living people
Footballers from Nikšić
Men's association football forwards
Montenegrin men's footballers
Montenegro men's youth international footballers
FK Sutjeska Nikšić players
FK Igalo 1929 players
FK Teleoptik players
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005) players
FK Borac Čačak players
FK Spartak Subotica players
FK Iskra Danilovgrad players
Montenegrin First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbian First League players
Montenegrin expatriate men's footballers
Montenegrin expatriate sportspeople in Serbia
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
Montenegrin expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovenia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris%20Forest%20School%20Arboretum
|
Norris Forest School Arboretum
|
The Norris Forest School Arboretum 160 acres (0.6 km²) is an arboretum located four miles (6 km) south of Hickman, Nebraska, and extends all around the grade school, middle school and high school buildings of the Norris School District.
The Arboretum contains a collection of approximately 400 trees and shrubs representing over 90 species, as well as a display of native grasses and plants, annual and perennial flowers, and a learning center (gazebo).
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
External links
Norris Forest School Arboretum
Botanical gardens in Nebraska
Arboreta in Nebraska
Protected areas of Lancaster County, Nebraska
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory%20examination
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Respiratory examination
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A respiratory examination, or lung examination, is performed as part of a physical examination, in response to respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, or chest pain, and is often carried out with a cardiac examination.
The four steps of the respiratory exam are inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of respiratory sounds, normally first carried out from the back of the chest.
Stages
After positioning in which the patient sits upright with their arms at the side, with the chest clear of clothing, the four stages of the examination can be carried out.
In order to listen to the lungs from the back the patient is asked to move their arms forward to prevent the scapulae (shoulder blades) from obstructing the upper lung fields. These fields are intended to correlate with the lung lobes and are thus tested on the anterior (front) and posterior (back) chest walls.
Inspection
The examiner then estimates the patient's respiratory rate by observing how many times the patient breathes in and out within the span of one minute. This is typically conducted under the pretext of some other exam, so that the patient does not subconsciously change their baseline respiratory rate, as they might do if they were aware of the examiner observing their breathing. Adults normally breathe about 14 to 20 times per minute, while infants may breathe up to 44 times per minute.
After obtaining the patient's respiratory rate, the examiner looks for any signs of respiratory distress, which may include:
Cyanosis, a bluish tinge of the extremities (peripheral cyanosis), or of tongue (central cyanosis)
Pursed-lip breathing
Accessory muscle use, including the scalene and intercostal muscles
Diaphragmatic breathing, paradoxical movement of the diaphragm outwards during inspiration
Intercostal indrawing
Decreased chest–chest movement on the affected side
An increased jugular venous pressure, indicating possible right heart failure
The anterior and posterior chest wall are also inspected for any abnormalities, which may include:
Kyphosis, abnormal anterior-posterior curvature of the spine
Scoliosis, abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Barrel chest, bulging out of the chest wall; normal in children; typical of hyperinflation seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Pectus excavatum, sternum sunken into the chest
Pectus carinatum, sternum protruding from the chest
In addition to measuring the patient's respiratory rate, the examiner will observe the patient's breathing pattern:
A patient with metabolic acidosis will often demonstrate a rapid breathing pattern, known as Kussmaul breathing. Rapid breathing helps the patient compensate for the decrease in blood pH by increasing the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide, which helps prevent further acid accumulation in the blood.
Cheyne–Stokes respiration is a breathing pattern consisting of alternating periods of rapid and slow breathing, which may result from a brain stem injury. Cheyne-Stokes respiration may be observed in newborn babies, but this is occasionally physiological (normal).
Chest retractions may be observed in patients with asthma. During a chest retraction, the patient's skin appears to sink into the chest. During supra-sternal retractions, the skin of the neck appears to sink in as the accessory breathing muscles of the neck contract to aid with inspiration. During intercostal retractions, the skin between the ribs appears to sink in as the intercostal muscles (the muscles between the ribs) aid in respiration. These are signs of respiratory distress.
The physician then typically inspects the fingers for cyanosis and clubbing.
Tracheal deviation is also examined.
Palpation
Palpation is the use of physical touch during examination. During palpation, the physician checks for areas of tenderness, abnormalities of the skin, respiratory expansion and fremitus.
To assess areas of tenderness, palpate areas of pain, bruises, or lesions on the front and back of the chest. Bruises may indicate a fractured rib, and tenderness between the ribs may indicate inflamed pleura.
Palpate any abnormal masses or structures on the front and back of the chest. Abnormal masses or sinus tracts may point to infections.
To observe chest wall expansion on the back of the chest, place palms on the patient's back with fingers parallel to the ribs and thumbs at the 10th ribs. Move hands towards each other to raise some skin on either side of the spine. Instruct the patient to inhale and observe the movement of the thumbs on the patient's back. Repeat the process with each hand on the lower margin of the ribcage at the front of the chest to further observe chest expansion. Asymmetry in chest expansion may be due to disease of lung or pleura.
Place the bony parts of the palm around the borders of the patient's scapulae while he or she says "ninety-nine" or "one one one" to test for fremitus. Repeat the sequence on the front of the chest. A decrease in fremitus may be observed if the patient has a soft voice, obstructed bronchus, COPD, pneumothorax, or other disease or injuries that may obstruct the vibrations of the larynx.
Chest percussion
Percussion is the act of tapping on the surface of the body in order to assess the structures that lie beneath the skin.
Percussion and resonance (the quality and feeling of sound) are used to examine lung movement and possible lung conditions.
Specifically, percussion is performed by first placing the middle finger of one hand over the area of interest. The middle finger of the other hand is used to strike the last joint of the placed finger. Percussion is performed in a systematic matter, from the upper chest to the lower ribs, and resonance is compared between the left and right sides of the chest. This is done from the front and back of the thorax.
Percussion over different body tissues results in five common "notes".
Resonance: Loud and low pitched. Normal lung sound.
Dullness: Medium intensity and pitch. Experienced with fluid.
A dull, muffled sound may replace resonance in conditions like pneumonia or hemothorax.
Hyper-resonance: Very loud, very low pitch, and longer in duration. Abnormal.
Hyper-resonance can result from asthma or emphysema
Tympany: Loud and high pitched. Common for percussion over gas-filled spaces.
Tympany may result in pneumothorax.
Flatness: Soft and high pitched.
Auscultation
The areas of the lungs that can be listened to using a stethoscope are called the lung fields, and these are the posterior, lateral, and anterior lung fields. The posterior fields can be listened to from the back and include: the lower lobes (taking up three quarters of the posterior fields); the anterior fields taking up the other quarter; and the lateral fields under the axillae, the left axilla for the lingual, the right axilla for the middle right lobe. The anterior fields can also be auscultated from the front. An area of thinner musculature on the back where sounds may be more audible is called the triangle of auscultation.
During auscultation, deep breaths are taken through the mouth and abnormal sounds listened for. Abnormal sounds include:
Wheezes, describing a continuous musical sound on expiration or inspiration. A wheeze is the result of narrowed airways. Common causes include asthma and emphysema.
Rhonchi (an increasingly obsolete term) characterised by low pitched, musical bubbly sounds heard on inspiration and expiration. Rhonchi are the result of viscous fluid in the airways.
Crackles or rales. Intermittent, non-musical and brief sounds heard during inspiration only. They may be described as fine (soft, high-pitched) or coarse (louder, low-pitched). These are the result of alveoli opening due to increased air pressure during inspiration. Common causes include congestive heart failure.
Stridor a high-pitched musical breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or lower in the bronchial tree. It is not to be confused with stertor. Causes are typically obstructive, including foreign bodies, croup, epiglottitis, tumours, infection and anaphylaxis.
Appropriate ratio of inspiration to expiration time (expiration time increased in COPD)
Bronchial or vesicular breath sounds.
Lastly an assessment of transmitted voice sounds is performed.
Egophony
Bronchophony
Whispered pectoriloquy
References
External links
Lung sounds - 3M - Littmann Stethoscopes
Respiratory system procedures
Physical examination
Medical mnemonics
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31903084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdfast%20Bay%20Handicap
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Holdfast Bay Handicap
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The Holdfast Bay Handicap, more commonly known simply as the HBH, is a popular handicapped road running event held annually in Adelaide, Australia.
The annual 7.55 km race attracts many participants from all over the world. The course starts at Marino and finishes at Glenelg. The race was first held in 2003 and has the potential to become the largest running race in Adelaide. The race held in 2017 took place on 15 December 2017, and was won by Patric Clarke and Ingrid Tejada of Adelaide.
The men's course record is, 26.26, held by Kieran Graham. The women's course record is, 32.22, held by Sinaed Noonan.
The HBH has spawned several lead up events such as the Cove Cup (since 2011) and Royal Somerton.
References
External links
Official website
Road running competitions
Sport in Adelaide
2003 establishments in Australia
Recurring sporting events established in 2003
Annual sporting events in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenhill
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Ravenhill
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Ravenhill or Raven Hill may refer to:
Ravenhill, Belfast, an area of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Ravenhill Stadium, a rugby stadium in Belfast
Ravenhill, Swansea, an area of Swansea, Wales, UK
Ravenhill (mansion), the Philadelphia mansion of William Weightman
Ravenhill (band), an American rock band
Ravenhill (surname)
Raven Hill Discovery Center, a museum in Michigan, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20%28song%29
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Second (song)
|
"Second" is a song recorded by South Korean singer Hyoyeon featuring Bibi. It was released digitally on August 9, 2021, by SM Entertainment. The song is written by Jeong Ha-ri (153Joombas) and Bibi, composed by Melanie Fontana, Gino Barletta, Britten Newbill, Michel Schulz and Bibi, and arranged by Lindgren. Initially a standalone single, the song was later included on Hyoyeon's first extended play, Deep, released on May 16, 2022.
Release and composition
On August 3, 2021, it was announced that Hyoyeon will be releasing a digital single titled "Second" featuring Bibi. On August 8, the music video teaser was released. A day later, the song together with the music video was released.
"Second" is composed by Bibi, Jeong Ha-ri (153Joombas), Melanie Fontana, Gino Barletta, Britten Newbill, and Michel "Lindgren" Schulz. Musically, the song is described as a summer dance pop song with "light rhythm" and characterized by "electric piano, horn, cowbell, and heavy bass" with lyrics about telling the listener that "it is okay to give themselves time to breathe in their busy life". "Second" was composed in the key of A-flat major, with a tempo of 95 beats per minute.
Commercial performance
"Second" debuted at position 182 on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart in the chart issue dated August 8–14, 2021. The song then ascended to position 176 in the chart issue dated August 15–21, 2021. The song also debuted at position 28 on Gaon Download Chart in the chart issue dated August 8–14, 2021. The song debuted at position 17 on Billboard World Digital Songs in the chart issue dated August 21, 2021.
Promotion
Prior to the song's release, on August 9, 2021, Hyoyeon held a live event called "HYO 'Second' COUNTDOWN LIVE" on V Live to introduce the song and communicate with her fans. Following the release of the single, she performed "Second" on four music programs: Mnet's M Countdown on August 12, KBS2's Music Bank on August 13, MBC's Show! Music Core on August 14, and SBS's Inkigayo on August 15.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Melon.
Studio
SM LVYIN Studio – recording, engineering for mix, mixing
Feelghood Studio – recording
SM Yellow Tail Studio – Digital editing
821 Sound Mastering – mastering
Personnel
SM Entertainment – Executive producer
Lee Soo-man – producer
Yoo Young-jin – Music & sound supervisor
Hyoyeon – vocals, background vocals
Bibi – vocals, background vocals, lyrics, composition
Jeong Ha-ri (153Joombas) – lyrics
Melanie Fontana – composition
Gino Barletta – composition
Britten Newbill – composition
Michel Schulz – composition
Lindgren – arrangement
Kim Yeon-seo – vocal directing, background vocals
Lee Ji-hong – recording, engineering for mix, mixing
Park Jae-sun – recording
Noh Min-ji – digital editing
Kwon Nam-woo – mastering
Charts
Release history
References
2021 songs
2021 singles
SM Entertainment singles
Korean-language songs
Songs written by Gino Barletta
Songs written by Melanie Fontana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Tazaj
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Al Tazaj
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Al Tazaj () is a BBQ chicken Saudi fast-casual restaurant chain headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The chain has a presence in couple of countries in the Middle East.
Meals and service
The chain serves limited meals including rice, kofta, kofta sandwiches, whole chickens with rice, fries, nuggets, kebabs, burgers, chicken wings, and a few local meals depending on the country. Their specialty is wood charcoal-grilled chicken which is butterflied and marinated in garlic and lime sauce. Half or whole chicken is served with freshly baked pita bread, rice, or corn on the cob.Chicken versions of Saudi meals are also served in Saudi Arabia, including Chicken Mandi and Chicken Kabsa.
Locations
There are a number of branches, mainly in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Restaurants are also located in Morocco.
See also
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
References
External links
Interview in Asharq Alawsat about product placement by Al Tazaj
Press release reports that Al Tazaj is one of the top 40 Arab brands according to Forbes Arabia
http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-12-31/business/0112290467_1_saudi-arabia-nunez-outlet
Restaurants established in 1989
Fast-food franchises
Barbecue restaurants
Companies based in Jeddah
Fast-food chains of Saudi Arabia
Fast-food poultry restaurants
Saudi Arabian brands
Saudi Arabian companies established in 1989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBUF
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NBUF
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NBUF may refer to:
National Black United Fund
National Black United Front
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20record%20progression%20200%20metres%20breaststroke
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World record progression 200 metres breaststroke
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The first world record in the men's 200 metres breaststroke in long course (50 metres) swimming was recognised by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) in 1908 and the first world record in the women's 200 metres breaststroke was recognised in 1921. In the short course (25 metres) swimming events the world's governing body recognizes world records since March 3, 1991.
There have been two rule changes enacted by FINA for this event that have resulted in the nullification of world records.
In the mid-1930s, many breaststroke swimmers began practicing an early variant of the butterfly stroke that involved recovering the arms above the water in an effort to reduce drag. This technique was disallowed when the butterfly stroke was established as a distinct stroke with its own rules in 1953, and world records set using the technique were nullified.
Another style was developed by the Japanese swimmer Masaru Furukawa shortly after this rule change. It involved swimming underwater for as much of each pool length as possible without surfacing, as the act of breaking the water's surface created resistance, slowing a swimmer. This method of swimming the breaststroke was disallowed by FINA in 1956 and records set with the technique were nullified.
(see History of swimming)
Men
Long course
Note: 200 Meter World Record Prior to 1953
The world record for the 200-meter breaststroke prior to the bifurcation of the butterfly breaststroke into separate strokes in 1953 could be accomplished in either short or long course pools. FINA recognized only one world record for the 200-meter breaststroke. The 1952 US Olympic Book lists the 200-meter breaststroke world record as belonging to Herbert Klein with a time of 2:27.3 who swam it in a short course pool. FINA now recognizes and lists on their website Herbert Klein's long course world record of 2:34.4 for the 200-meter breaststroke set on August 13, 1950, in Göppingen, Germany rather than his world record of 2:27.3 set in a short course pool. John Davies tied Herbert Klein's long course world record of 2:34.4 for the 200-meter breaststroke at their 1952 Olympic final. Bowen Stassforth's time of 2:34.7 in the 220 yard breaststroke (long course) at the 1952 AAU Outdoor Nationals correlates to a time of 2:33 in the 200 meter breaststroke (long course). This performance was the fastest all-time for the 220 yard breaststroke (long course) and would have been the fastest 200 meter breaststroke (long course) in history (pre-bifurcation of the breaststroke in 1953) as well if it had been dual timed. This is evidenced by the dual distance timed race in the 1950 National AAU Indoor Championships in the 220 yard breaststroke (short course) between Joe Verdeur and Robert Brawner. During the race, Verdeur broke the world record for 200 meters with a time of 2:28.3 (short course). However, Brawner won the race with a time of 2:29.3 for the full 220 yards beating Verdeur who was second in 2:29.4.
Short course
Women
Long course
Short course
All-time top 25
Men long course
Correct as of October 2023
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:07.58:
Zac Stubblety-Cook also swam 2:06.28 (2021), 2:06.38 (2021), 2:06.40 (2023), 2:06.72 (2022), 2:07.00 (2021, 2021), 2:07.07 (2022), 2:07.27 (2023), 2:07.28 (2019), 2:07.35 (2021), 2:07.36 (2019), 2:07.37 (2021).
Matthew Wilson also swam 2:06.68 (2019), 2:07.16 (2019), 2:07.29 (2019).
Ippei Watanabe also swam 2:06.73 (2019), 2:07.02 (2019), 2:07.08 (2020), 2:07.22 (2016), 2:07.44 (2017), 2:07.47 (2017), 2:07.54 (2021), 2:07.55 (2023), 2:07.56 (2018).
Shoma Sato also swam 2:06.74 (2021), 2:06.78 (2021), 2:07.02 (2020), 2:07.58 (2020).
Anton Chupkov also swam 2:06.80 (2018), 2:06.83 (2019), 2:06.96 (2017), 2:06.99 (2021), 2:07.00 (2019), 2:07.14 (2017), 2:07.19 (2022), 2:07.24 (2021), 2:07.32 (2020), 2:07.46 (2017), 2:07.48 (2019).
Arno Kamminga also swam 2:07.01 (2021), 2:07.17 (2020) 2:07.18 (2020), 2:07.23 (2021), 2:07.35 (2021), 2:07.37 (2021), 2:07.39 (2021), 2:07.48 (2021), 2:07.54 (2020).
Qin Haiyang also swam 2:07.03 (2023), 2:07.32 (2023), 2:07.35 (2017), 2:07.45 (2023), 2:07.55 (2023).
Josh Prenot also swam 2:07.28 (2018), 2:07.53 (2016).
Dániel Gyurta also swam 2:07.28 (2012).
Yasuhiro Koseki also swam 2:07.29 (2017).
Kirill Prigoda also swam 2:07.47 (2023).
Akihiro Yamaguchi also swam 2:07.57 (2012).
Men short course
Correct as of December 2022
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:02.64:
Dániel Gyurta also swam 2:00.67 (2009).
Daiya Seto also swam 2:01.30 (2017), 2:01.49 (2021), 2:01.65 (2021), 2:02.43 (2022), 2:02.48 (2021).
Qin Haiyang also swam 2:01.64 (2018), 2:02.22 (2022).
Anton Chupkov also swam 2:01.65 (2017).
Anton McKee also swam 2:01.73 (2020).
Arno Kamminga also swam 2:01.74 (2021), 2:01.92 (2021), 2:02.13 (2021), 2:02.42 (2021), 2:02.54 (2021).
Mikhail Dorinov also swam 2:02.07 (2021).
Ilya Shymanovich also swam 2:02.10 (2021).
Nic Fink also swam 2:02.20 (2020), 2:02.28 (2021).
Erik Persson also swam 2:02.39 (2021).
Ippei Watanabe also swam 2:02.53 (2022).
Women long course
Correct as of October 2023
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:21.97:
Tatjana Schoenmaker also swam 2:19.16 (2021), 2:19.33 (2021), 2:20.17 (2021), 2:20.80 (2023), 2:21.30 (2021), 2:21.31 (2023), 2:21.76 (2022), 2:21.79 (2019), 2:21.92 (2022).
Rikke Møller Pedersen also swam 2:19.61 (2014), 2:19.67 (2014), 2:19.84 (2014), 2:19.94 (2014), 2:20.08 (2013), 2:20.53 (2013), 2:21.55 (2013), 2:21.58 (2015), 2:21.60 (2015), 2:21.65 (2012), 2:21.69 (2016).
Yuliya Yefimova also swam 2:19.64 (2017), 2:19.83 (2017), 2:19.85 (2013), 2:20.15 (2017), 2:20.17 (2019), 2:20.72 (2018), 2:20.92 (2012), 2:21.20 (2019), 2:21.31 (2018), 2:21.35 (2017), 2:21.41 (2016), 2:21.49 (2017), 2:21.54 (2017), 2:21.59 (2019), 2:21.60 (2019), 2:21.86 (2021), 2:21.97 (2016).
Rebecca Soni also swam 2:20.00 (2012), 2:20.22 (2008), 2:20.38 (2009), 2:20.69 (2010), 2:20.93 (2009), 2:21.03 (2011), 2:21.13 (2012), 2:21.40 (2012), 2:21.41 (2010), 2:21.45 (2012), 2:21.46 (2011), 2:21.47 (2011), 2:21.60 (2010).
Rie Kaneto also swam 2:20.04 (2016), 2:20.30 (2016), 2:20.72 (2009), 2:20.93 (2016), 2:21.05 (2016), 2:21.58 (2014), 2:21.90 (2014, 2015), 2:21.92 (2014).
Evgeniia Chikunova also swam 2:20.41 (2022), 2:20.57 (2021), 2:20.88 (2021), 2:21.07 (2019), 2:21.63 (2021), 2:21.87 (2020).
Leisel Jones also swam 2:20.58 (2008), 2:20.72 (2006), 2:21.34 (2008), 2:21.45 (2007), 2:21.60 (2006), 2:21.72 (2005), 2:21.81 (2008), 2:21.84 (2007).
Annamay Pierse also swam 2:20.71 (2009), 2:21.68 (2009), 2:21.84 (2009).
Annie Lazor also swam 2:20.84 (2021), 2:21.07 (2021), 2:21.40 (2019), 2:21.67 (2020), 2:21.91 (2022), 2:21.94 (2021).
Lilly King also swam 2:20.95 (2023), 2:21.19 (2022), 2:21.39 (2019), 2:21.75 (2021), 2:21.82 (2021), 2:21.83 (2017).
Kanako Watanabe also swam 2:21.09 (2014), 2:21.15 (2015), 2:21.41 (2014), 2:21.82 (2014).
Kate Douglass also swam 2:21.23 (2023), 2:21.43 (2023).
Molly Renshaw also swam 2:21.34 (2021), 2:21.55 (2021).
Taylor McKeown also swam 2:21.69 (2016).
Bethany Galat also swam 2:21.84 (2019), 2:21.86 (2017).
Tes Schouten also swam 2:21.63 (2023), 2:21.71 (2023), 2:21.84 (2023).
Abbie Wood also swam 2:21.86 (2021).
Micah Sumrall also swam 2:21.88 (2018).
Women short course
Correct as of December 2022
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:18.09:
Yuliya Efimova also swam 2:15.62 (2018), 2:16.05 (2018), 2:16.29 (2018).
Lilly King also swam 2:15.80 (2020), 2:16.04 (2020), 2:17.13 (2022), 2:17.56 (2022), 2:17.66 (2021).
Rie Kaneto also swam 2:15.91 (2016), 2:16.27 (2016), 2:16.30 (2016), 2:18.09 (2014).
Rikke Møller Pedersen also swam 2:15.93 (2013), 2:16.08 (2012).
Kate Douglass also swam 2:16.52 (2022).
Evgenia Chikunova also swam 2:16.88 (2021), 2:17.57 (2021), 2:17.88 (2021), 2:18.08 (2021).
Annamay Pierse also swam 2:17.50 (2009).
Leisel Jones also swam 2:17.75 (2003).
Emily Escobedo also swam 2:17.85 (2021).
Molly Renshaw also swam 2:17.96 (2021).
Kelsey Wog also swam 2:18.06 (2019).
References
Zwemkroniek
Agenda Diana
Breaststroke 200 metres
World record progression 200 metres breaststroke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironsworn
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Ironsworn
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Ironsworn is an indie role-playing game written and self-published by Shawn Tomkin. Its Ironlands setting is low fantasy, set in a rugged frontier. The game received the 2019 ENNIE Gold Winner Award for Best Free Game/Product. Rob Wieland for Forbes named Ironsworn one of his favorite RPG products of 2022 and one of the best fantasy tabletop role-playing games for solo play.
System
Character creation
Player characters are built by allocating a specific number of points to the five different stats. These are edge, heart, iron, shadow, and wits.
Apart from the starting stats, there are also trackers for health, spirit, and supply.
Vows are the main mechanic by which a player can track progress and accomplish goals.
Gameplay
There are three ways to play Ironsworn.
Guided: One or more players take the role of their characters, while a gamemaster (GM) moderates the session.
Co-Op: One or more players play together to overcome challenges and complete quests. No GM required.
Solo: One player portrays a lone character driven to fulfill vows in a dangerous world.
Tomkin took inspiration from the Powered by the Apocalypse system, among other systems. The player narrates the story and then makes Moves when it makes narrative sense. If for instance, the player is about to enter combat, they can make the Enter the Fray move. Dice are rolled to determine if the move is a success or a failure. The player accumulates Momentum through succeeding at rolls or through narrative. Momentum can be used to improve the result of a die roll. Experience can be gained by completing vows and then spent upgrading existing assets or gaining new ones.
Supplements
There are three official supplements that have been published by Shawn Tomkin.
Ironsworn Lodestar (2018): A short reference guide that contains an oracle for character disposition and also alternative starting stats for easier and harder modes of play.
Ironsworn: Delve (2020): The first major expansion adds additional content to the game, including dungeon-crawling mechanics.
Ironsworn: Starforged (2022): Funded in a Kickstarter campaign, this is a new core rulebook adapting the original Ironsworn system to a science fiction setting. Along with the new setting, there are also new rules, assets, moves, and oracles.
A supplement for the Starforged system, Sundered Isles, is currently in development. This supplement will focus on a sailing setting, and will require the core Ironsworn: Starforged rules to play.
See also
Dungeon World
Powered by the Apocalypse
References
External links
Official website
Ironsworn on DriveThruRPG
Ironsworn on itch.io
Actual Play reports on Ironsworn and Starforged
ENnies winners
Role-playing game systems
Role-playing games introduced in 2018
Universal role-playing games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Schmalz
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Fred Schmalz
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Fred Schmalz is a retired American soccer coach. He coached at the collegiate level for 33 years. He was a National Coach of the Year and has been named to six Halls of Fame for his play and his coaching successes.
Career
A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalz is a graduate of Quincy College, in Quincy, Illinois, where he played on the school's first intercollegiate team in 1964 and was a member of the 1966 team that won the first of Quincy's record eleven NAIA National Championships.
Following his graduation from Quincy, Schmalz was a physical education instructor at the University of Wyoming before becoming an assistant coach at Davis & Elkins College in Elkins, West Virginia. After three seasons, he was named Davis & Elkins' head coach in 1973, and in six seasons, led the team to a record of 91–21–5 and six NAIA tournaments, including a second-place finish in 1974.
In 1979, Schmalz was named the third head coach of the University of Evansville Purple Aces in Evansville, Indiana. In eight seasons as an independent, seven as a member of the Midwestern City/Midwestern Collegiate Conference, and nine as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference, Schmalz' Purple Aces teams built a record of 302–165–49, won six conference tournaments (5 MCC, 1 MVC), and advanced to the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship eleven times, including nine years in a row from 1984 through 1992, with third-place finishes in the NCAA College Cup in 1985 and 1990. Among the players Schmalz mentored at Evansville were 13 All-Americans, 17 Academic All-Americans, and 31 who went on to play professionally.
In addition to his collegiate coaching, Schmalz was a U.S. Soccer Federation national staff coach and coached in six Olympic Sports Festivals.
Although "retired," Schmalz has continued to work with youth soccer in Evansville.
Honors
1985 Soccer America College Coach of the Year.
1988 Bill Jeffrey Award from the National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) "...recognizing long-term service to collegiate soccer."
Schmalz was the recipient of the first Ron Wigg Award in 1998—the highest honor presented by the U.S. Olympic Development Program.
Schmalz was the first to coach gold medal-winning soccer teams from separate regions in the U.S. Olympic Sports Festival, coaching the West in 1990 and the North in 1991.
Quincy Hawks Hall of Fame Class of 1993.
The Indiana Soccer Hall of Fame Class of 1997.
Davis & Elkins College Athletic Hall of Fame Class of 2003.
University of Evansville Athletics Hall of Fame class of 2003–04.
Saint Louis Soccer Hall of Fame Class of 2009.
The Missouri Valley Conference Hall of Fame Class of 2011.
References
1945 births
Living people
Sportspeople from St. Louis
American soccer coaches
Evansville Purple Aces men's soccer coaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huainan
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Huainan
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Huainan () is a prefecture-level city with 3,033,528 inhabitants as of the 2020 census in north-central Anhui province, China. It is named for the Han-era Principality of Huainan. It borders the provincial capital of Hefei to the south, Lu'an to the southwest, Fuyang to the west, Bozhou to the northwest, Bengbu to the northeast and Chuzhou to the east. Huainan is one of the core cities of Hefei Metropolitan Circle and is known for its coal industry and thermal power plants. Its built-up area made of 4 urban districts (all but Panji not yet conurbated) and Fengtai County largely being urbanized, was home to 1,868,944 inhabitants as of 2020. Its city flower is the Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis) and its city tree is the Old-World Plane Tree (Platanus orientalis). It is also considered to be the hometown and birthplace of tofu.
Administration
The prefecture-level city of Huainan administers seven county-level divisions, including five districts and two counties.
Tianjia'an District ()
Panji District ()
Xiejiaji District ()
Datong District ()
Bagongshan District ()
Fengtai County ()
Shou County ()
These are further divided into 66 township-level divisions, including 24 towns, 23 townships and 19 subdistricts.
High-tech development zone
Shannan New Area ()
Geography
The urban centre is located on a plain on the south bank of the Huai River, bordering Gaotang Lake on the east and forested hill area on the south. To the west are Bagongshan District and Shou County.
Climate
Economy
Huainan is a major production center for coal, with an output of 43.28 million tons in 2006.
The city hosted the 17th China Tofu Cultural Festival on September 15–17, 2010, including the National Bean Products Exhibition.
Education
Anhui University of Science and Technology () official website
Huainan Normal University () official website
Huainan United University () official website
Huainan Vocational Technical College () official website
Anhui Industry&Trade Vocational Technical College () official website
Anhui Modern Information Engineering College () official website
The key high schools:
Huainan No.1 High School ()
Huainan No.2 High School ()
Huainan No.5 High School ()
Huainan No.4 High School ()
Fengtai No.1 High School ()
Shouxian No.1 High School ()
Transportation
East of the city a bridge crosses the Huai River, shared by the Fuyang-Huainan Railway and highway S225. Near the city center, a ferry provides connection to the (rural) north bank of the Huai River.
Rail
Huainan railway station, terminus of the Fuyang-Huainan Railway and Huainan Railway
Huainan East railway station (high-speed services) on the Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway
Huainan South railway station (high-speed services) on the Shangqiu–Hangzhou high-speed railway
Highway
Expressways
S17 Benghe Expressway
S12 Chuxin Expressway
National Highways
G206
Notable people
Bai Yaoping, major general
See also
List of twin towns and sister cities in China
Yuan You
References
External links
Government website of Huainan
http://www.ah.xinhuanet.com/huainan/index.htm
Cities in Anhui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echt%2C%20Aberdeenshire
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Echt, Aberdeenshire
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Echt () is an Aberdeenshire crossroads village in northeast Scotland with a population of approximately 300 people. Echt has a number of prehistoric remains, including the Barmekin of Echt which is on a hill to the northwest. There is also the Cullerlie stone circle near Sunhoney Farm, which may date from the Bronze Age.
Echt contains a church, village shop/post office, restaurant (Echt Tandoori) and pleasure park with a designated area of children's play equipment and local football matches are held. The annual Echt Show, a farmers' show, is held on the 2nd Saturday in July.
It is centred on the junction of the B977 Dunecht—Banchory road and the B9119 Kingsford—Ordie road. It is some from the city of Aberdeen.
References
AA Touring Guide to Scotland (1978)
External links
Echt in the Gazetteer for Scotland
Virtual Eagle Tour of Barmekin Hill
Villages in Aberdeenshire
| 228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20bulbosa
|
G. bulbosa
|
G. bulbosa may refer to:
Gibberula bulbosa, a minute sea snail species in the genus Gibberula
Gigantea bulbosa, a brown alga species
See also
Bulbosa
| 46
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%20All-Ireland%20Senior%20Football%20Championship%20final
|
1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final
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The 1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final was the 31st All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1918 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.
Tipperary's preparations were severely hampered by military regulations following the Soloheadbeg ambush, not to mention the death of Davey Tobin by Spanish flu. A disallowed goal and a last-minute miss by Gus McCarthy were enough to allow Wexford to complete a four-in-a-row. The match, played on 16 February 1919, had been postponed from the previous autumn due to the spread of the flu.
It was the fourth of four All-Ireland football titles won by Wexford in the 1910s. They have not since appeared in an All-Ireland football final.
References
Gaelic football
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship finals
Tipperary county football team matches
Wexford county football team matches
| 206
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6204009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW1%20%28album%29
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WW1 (album)
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WW1 is the debut album by indie rock band White Whale.
Track listing
Personnel
White Whale
Matt Suggs - Vocals, Guitar
Zach Holland - Guitar, Lap Steel, Elec Mandolin, Keyboard
Dustin Than Kinsey - Piano, Guitar, Synth
Rob Pope - Bass, Moog
John Anderson - Drums, Percussion
Additional personnel
Ed Rose - Producer, Engineer, Mixing
Chris Cosgrove - Engineer
Maggie Fost - Design
Tabitha Morris - Paintings
References
2006 debut albums
White Whale (band) albums
Merge Records albums
Albums produced by Ed Rose
| 145
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey%20Lees
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Audrey Lees
|
Audrey Lees may refer to:
Audrey Lees (architect)
Audrey Lees (politician)
| 24
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next%20Best%20Superstar
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Next Best Superstar
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"Next Best Superstar" is a song by English singer Melanie C. The track was written by Adam Argyle and produced by Greg Haver for her third solo album, Beautiful Intentions (2005). The song features thumping drums and new wave guitars and talks about the fickleness of fame resulting from manufactured genre shows such as the music competition Pop Idol.
"Next Best Superstar" was released as the album's lead single on 4 April 2005. The song peaked at number ten on the UK Singles Chart and reached the top forty of the majority of all charts it appeared on, also becoming a top ten hit in Belgium, Italy and Scotland. An accompanying music video was Norwegian director by Ray Kay.
Music video
The video was directed by Ray Kay in January 2005. The video begins with Melanie C getting ready for her performance. After having done make-up, she starts performing by herself. After the performance, she gets her make-up done again and starts performing again, this time with her band. The video premiered on CD:UK on 26 February 2005.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Everything Must Change" – 3:32
UK CD2
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Next Best Superstar" – 7:06
"Next Best Superstar" – 5:29
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:01
"Next Best Superstar"
UK 7-inch single
A. "Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
B. "Next Best Superstar" – 3:04
German CD single
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:04
"Everything Must Change" – 3:32
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:01
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
Australian CD single
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:31
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:04
"Everything Must Change" – 3:32
"Next Best Superstar" – 7:14
"Next Best Superstar" – 5:29
"Next Best Superstar" – 3:01
Charts
Release history
References
2005 singles
2005 songs
Big Records singles
Melanie C songs
Music videos directed by Ray Kay
Songs written by Adam Argyle
| 520
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20earthquakes%20in%202019
|
List of earthquakes in 2019
|
This is a list of earthquakes in 2019. Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in damage and/or casualties, or are notable for other reasons. All dates are listed according to UTC time. Maximum intensities are indicated on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale and are sourced from United States Geological Survey (USGS) ShakeMap data. This year was not very active with only ten major quakes, and the death toll was the lowest since 2000. However, Albania experienced its strongest tremor in decades, and various deadly events struck Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines. The only 8+ quake occurred in Peru in May, but it did not cause much damage because of its great depth.
Compared to other years
An increase in detected earthquake numbers does not necessarily represent an increase in earthquakes per se. Population increase, habitation spread, and advances in earthquake detection technology all contribute to higher earthquake numbers being recorded over time.
By death toll
Listed are earthquakes with at least 10 dead.
By magnitude
Listed are earthquakes with at least 7.0 magnitude.
By month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
See also
Lists of earthquakes
Lists of 21st-century earthquakes
Lists of earthquakes by year
References
2019
2019
2019 natural disasters
2019-related lists
| 312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Public%20Administration%20and%20Management
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Institute of Public Administration and Management
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The Institute of Public Administration and Management (IPAM) is an institute of the University of Sierra Leone. It operates like other constituent colleges of the University of Sierra Leone, under the authority of the University Senate and the University Court. IPAM is in the centre of Freetown at AJ Momoh Street, Tower Hill, close to the British Council, Statistics Sierra Leone, the West African Examination Council (WAEC) and the National Fire Force headquarters. The institute has four departments offering a range of business, information technology, finance and public administration courses to the public.
Establishment
The establishment of IPAM can be traced to 1970. It came as a result of a government white paper on education which proposed the closure of the Civil Service Training College. The responsibility for the training of middle- and upper-level staff was transferred to Fourah Bay College and that of the clerical cadre to the Freetown Technical Institute.
Subsequent review by the World Bank suggested the need for a more specialised establishment in public administration and management. Discussions between the World Bank and the government of Sierra Leone resulted in the decision to establish the Institute of Public Administration and Management as an institute of the University of Sierra Leone.
Funds were made available under the Second IDA Education Project for construction of suitable accommodation for the institute. The building on the site of the then Civil Service Training College was occupied in June 1980 and the institute started work in the 1980/81 academic year.
Management
The institute is managed by a dean of campus (formerly director) who reports directly to the vice-chancellor and principal of the University of Sierra Leone. A management team comprises the dean of campus, assistant dean of campus, deputy registrar and all heads of departments (administrative and academic).
Faculties and Departments
Applied Accounting
Financial Services
Business Administration and Entrepreneurship
Banking and Finance
Public Sector Management
Information System and Technology
Governance and Leadership
Leadership
procurement and logistics
Functions
The main functions of the institute include:
Offering courses leading to the award of certificates, diplomas and degrees of the University of Sierra Leone;
Designing and organizing management training courses and programmes for personnel in the public and private sectors and NGOs;
Organising conferences, workshops and seminars;
General management, financial management and banking, human resource management, procurement and logistic, public policy, organisational effectiveness and capacity building, basic office skills, entrepreneurship, marketing management and information technology;
Providing advisory and consultancy services on aspects of management, finance and administration;
Carrying out studies, enquiries and research in its areas of competence either independently or in collaboration with interested parties; and
Conducting tests and other evaluation exercises for both the public and private sector organisations.
Universities and colleges in Sierra Leone
Education in Freetown
1980s establishments in Sierra Leone
de:University of Sierra Leone
ja:フォーラー・ベイ・カレッジ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefim%20Karsky
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Yefim Karsky
|
Yefim Fyodorovich Karsky (, ; , older name form) (1 January 1861 (20 December 1860) – 29 April 1931) was a Belarusian-Russian linguist-Slavist, ethnographer and paleographer, founder of Belarusian linguistics, literary studies and paleography, a member of numerous scientific institutions, and author of more than 100 works on linguistics, ethnography, paleography and others.
Karsky was described by his contemporaries as extremely industrious, accurate, self-organized, and reserved in behavior. He was acclaimed as a scientist of the highest integrity. Karsky's input into contemporary Slavistics, especially into the Belarusian branch, was immense. The first significant revisions of Karsky's views on the development of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages were proposed much later, by Viktor Vinogradov. One of the best known works of Karsky is Belarusians.
Biography
Early life and education
Yefim Karsky was born in Lasha (in Grodno Governorate, now Grodno Region), to the family of teacher F. Novitskiy and Orthodox deacon's daughter M. Novitskaya. Initially, he bore the family name of his mother, Novitskiy. With his family, he spent his childhood years in Navahrudak and Minsk regions of Belarus. He studied in Folk School () at Yatra, (Navahrudak uyezd) during the 1870s, and in 1874 enrolled in the Minsk Ecclesiastical School, where he joined the Seminary. Around 1881 he became interested in ethnography, and left his ecclesiastical studies to join the Nezhin historical-philological institute. His first philological research paper was published in 1883 in the Russian Philological Courier.
Karsky graduated from the Nezhin historical-philological institute in 1885 in the field of Russian and Slavonic philology. Observing the absence of scientific analysis of the Belarusian language, he published his first major scientific work Review of Sounds and Forms of Belarusian Language in 1886. Upon his graduation he taught Russian and Church Slavonic languages and Russian literature at the 2nd Vilnius Gymnasium, where he also served as the secretary and as elected member of the Resources Committee. He passed his magisterial examination in 1891, and in 1893 left the Liceum and began teaching Russian language in Warsaw University. During his tenure there he also taught Slavonic paleography, Russian dialectology, and Church Slavonic grammar. He would defend his magisterial thesis To the history of sounds and forms of the Belarusian talk at Kiev University, which was the first published academic dissertation concerned with the Belarusian language. He would continue his studies of the Belarusian language, and in 1898 he began studying the local dialects of the Belarusian people, both by the literary artifacts and by ethnographic tours to the Grodno, Vil’na, Minsk regions, among others. In 1901 Karsky became an associated member of Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, department of Russian language and literacy.
Later career
From 1905 to 1910 Karsky served two terms as the rector of Warsaw University. After the end of his second term in 1910, he refused to remain at the position in protest of the policies of Imperial Minister of Education Lev Kasso. He moved to Petrograd in 1916 and became a member of Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, with specialization in ethnography and linguistics. He taught at Petrograd Imperial University, and was a founder member of the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Borderlands of Russia. In 1918, forced by the economic ruin in Petrograd from World War I and the October Revolution, Karsky moved to Minsk. He was given tenure at Minsk Pedagogical Institute, but was dismissed from his position the following year, shortly before being arrested by the Extraordinary Commission. He was not held for long, and that same year moved back to Petrograd. He resumed his teaching at Petrograd University, staying through its rechristening as Leningrad University in 1924. He also returned to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (at that point the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) where he became Head of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. In 1922 he donated his personal library to the newly created Belarusian State University. Beginning in 1926 he made scientific visits to Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. His reports from these visits were highly appreciated by the USSR Academy of Sciences, but they began to have political repercussions for him. He began to butt heads with the leadership of the Academy, and in 1927 he became the target of a sharp political critique in the newspapers "Zvyazda" (Myensk) and "Pravda" (Moscow). His membership in the USSR Academy of Sciences was put under question, and despite enjoying a certain amount of political patronage he wasn't given the room in the press to defend himself. In 1929, he was elected for the member of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The following year, however, he was abruptly removed from the position of the Director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in Leningrad.
For his teaching and research activities, Karsky was given the civil rank of "real state's counselor" (?). He was decorated with orders of St. Stanislaus III grade (1889) and II grade (1899), St. Anna III grade (1895) and II grade (1903), St. Vladimir IV grade (1911), various medals. In recognition of his research on the Belarusian ethnography, he was awarded the Great Golden Medal of the Russian Geographical Society (1894), the Golden Medals of Batyushkov of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1898, 1902), Minor Lomonosov Prize of Russian Academy of Sciences (1901), Batyushkov Academical Prize (1910), and Akhmatov Academical Prize (1913).
In 1964, a memorial for Karski was opened at the Lasha School.
Works
Karsky was the author of at least 100 significant scientific works. Some of the major ones are listed below. It is worth noting that in case of the older publications, the actual dates of the publications may be different than the dates on the front pages.
Обзор звуков и форм белорусской речи. – Москва, 1886. – Известия Историко-филологического Института в Нежине, том X.
Грамматика древнего церковнославянского языка сравнительно с русским (курс средних учебных заведений). – Вильна, 1888–1900, Варшава, 1901–1916, Сергиев Посад, 1917.
К истории звуков и форм белорусской речи. – Варшава, 1893. – Магистерская диссертация.
К вопросу о разработке старого западнорусского наречия. – Вильна, 1893.
Что такое древнее западнорусское наречие?. – Труды Девятого археологического съезда в Вильне, 1893.
О языке так называемых литовских летописей. – Варшава, 1894.
Особенности письма и языка Мстиславова Евангелия. – Русск. Филолог. Вестн., 1895.
Образцы славянского кирилловского письма с Х по XVIII век. – Варшава, 1901.
Очерк славянской кирилловской палеографии. – Варшава, 1901.
Славянская кирилловская палеография. [S.l.], 1928. Of note: Multiocular O
Work re-published in: Карский Е. Ф. Славянская кирилловская палеография. Moscow, 1979.
Belarusians
Белорусcы. Т. I. Введение в изучение языка и народной словесности. – Варшава, 1903.
Work re-published: Белорусcы. Т. I. Введение в изучение языка и народной словесности. – Вильна, 1904.
Белорусcы. Т. II. Язык белорусского племени. В. 1. – [S.l.], 1908.
Белорусcы. Т. II. Язык белорусского племени. 2. Исторический очерк словообразования и словоизменения в белорусском наречии. – [S.l.], 1911.
Белорусcы. Т. II. Язык белорусского племени. 3. Очерки синтаксиса белорусского наречия. Дополнения и поправки. – [S.l.], 1912.
Белорусы. Т. III. Очерки словесности белорусского племени. 1. Народная поэзия. – Москва, 1916.
Белорусы. Т. III. Очерки словесности белорусского племени. 2. Старая западнорусская литература. – Петроград, 1921.
Белорусы. Т. III. Очерки словесности белорусского племени. 3. Художественная литература на народном наречии. – [S.l.], 1922.
Complete work re-published: Белорусы: Т. 1 – 3. – Москва, 1955–1956.
References
Citations
Sources
[Bulakh 1981] Булахов М. Г. Евфимий Федорович Карский: Жизнь, научн. и обществ. деятельность / Под ред. В. И. Борковского. – Мн. : Изд-во БГУ, 1981.
[YanuTsvir 2001] Янушкевіч Я., Цвірка К. Яўхім Карскі і яго "Беларусы" // Карскі Я. Беларусы / Я. Карскі; Уклад. і камент. С. Гараніна і Л. Ляўшун; Навук. рэд. А. Мальдзіс; Прадмо. Я. Янушкевіча і К. Цвіркі. – Мн. : Беларускі кнігазбор, 2001. – ( Беларускі кнігазбор; сер. II. Гісторыка-літаратурныя помнікі). .
[KUC 2006] Курцова, Унучак, Чаквін. Прадмова да першага тома працы Я. Ф. Карскага "Беларусы" // Карский, Е. Ф. Белорусы: 3 т. Т. 1 / Уступны артыкул М. Г. Булахава, прадмова да першага тома і каментарыі В. М. Курцовай, А. У. Унучака, І. У. Чаквіна. – Мн. : БелЭн, 2006. (Т.1), .
[RublSkal 2006] Рублевская Людмила, Скалабан Виталь. Околонаучный спор. Злополучная командировка профессора Карского // Беларусь сегодня, #12 (22422), 20.01.2006 –
[Rulex 2006] [Н. Т.?] Карский [1890s-1900s?] // Большой русский биографический словарь. – Электронная репринтная версия. – .
1860 births
1931 deaths
People from Grodno District
People from Grodnensky Uyezd
Linguists from Belarus
Belarusian ethnographers
Palaeographers
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Linguists from the Russian Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremont%20Avenue%20station
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Tremont Avenue station
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The Tremont Avenue station is an express station on the IND Concourse Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of East Tremont Avenue and Grand Concourse, it is served by the D train at all times and B train during rush hours only. It has three tracks and two island platforms.
Station layout
The tile band is Claret red and the name mosaics are replicas of the 1933 originals. The I-beams have been painted a shade of red to match. Tile bands are also present in the mezzanines, and matching "T" (for Tremont) plaques have been fitted—the only IND station to feature these. A closed tower sits on the south end of the Manhattan-bound platform.
The 2000 artwork here is called Uptown New York by Frank Leslie Hampton. It uses a mixture of glass and marble mosaics to create a full width display of a Bronx apartment building with a rooftop garden, and clothes hanging out on a line to dry on a cloudy day. This mural is as wide as the mezzanine and faces the full-time booth area.
In 2019, the MTA announced that this station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program. An elevator will be installed to the southeastern corner of Echo Place and Grand Concourse. An alternate proposal for the installation of the elevator to the street would have placed it at the southwester corner of that intersection. Two elevators will lead from the southern fare control area to the two platforms. Substantial completion is projected for early October 2022.
Exits
The station had a full length mezzanine above the platforms. However, after a 1999 renovation, it was split into three sections. The northernmost and southernmost portions are separate fare control areas, and the central portion is now used as a storage area.
In January 1992, the MTA proposed closing the free zone passageway on the east side of the station, connecting to the station entrances at Tremont Avenue and East 179th Street; prior to the station renovation, it was gated off. The middle portion as well as the passageways on the east and west sides have been walled off to the public.
The full-time booth is in the southern portion. It has three street stairs leading to all but the southeast corner of Grand Concourse and Echo Place, and two stairs to each platform. The street stair on the west side has a small passageway. The part-time side at the northern portion. It had its booth removed during the aforementioned renovation, has two street stairs, one to each side of the Concourse at 179th Street, and has two stairs to each platform.
References
External links
nycsubway.org — Uptown New York Artwork by Frank Leslie Hampton (2000)
Station Reporter — B Train
Station Reporter — D Train
The Subway Nut — Tremont Avenue Pictures
MTA's Arts For Transit — Tremont Avenue (IND Concourse Line)
Echo Place entrance from Google Maps Street View
179th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platforms from Google Maps Street View
IND Concourse Line stations
New York City Subway stations in the Bronx
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1933
1933 establishments in New York City
Tremont, Bronx
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-grade
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O-grade
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The Ordinary Grade (commonly known as the "O-Grade") of the Scottish Certificate of Education is a now-discontinued qualification which was studied for as part of the Scottish secondary education system. It could be considered broadly equivalent to the old English O-Level qualification and is the predecessor to the Standard Grade.
Along with its more advanced sibling, the 'Higher Grade', the O-Grade was the bedrock of the Scottish educational system for many years. Its name refers to one of the two levels at which the Scottish Certificate of Education was awarded, the Higher Grade being the other. The term "O-Grade" can also be used to refer to a pass in a subject at that level, e.g. "He has seven O-Grades".
Courses were studied over two years, taking place during the third and fourth years (age 13-16) of a pupil's time at secondary school. They were available in a wide range of subjects.
A good pass at O-Grade would normally enable a pupil to take the same subject at Higher Grade in his or her fifth (or possibly sixth) year, if so desired. This did not always follow however, particularly as many more pupils left school at the end of their fourth year than is the case nowadays.
Over time, the O-Grade was gradually phased out and replaced by other educational assessments. Its replacement, the Standard Grade, focused more closely on coursework and the application of knowledge. The Standard Grade has eventually been replaced by the National 4/5 qualifications, as part of the introduction of the Curriculum for Excellence.
According to the BBC, Learning Minister Dr. Alasdair Allan and teachers in general claim that the change from the O-Grade system to the latter systems (Standard Grade & National 4/5 qualifications) was a major shake-up in the Scottish education system and involved excessive bureaucracy.
See also
Education in Scotland
Scottish Qualifications Certificate
Scottish Qualifications Authority
References
Educational qualifications in Scotland
Secondary school qualifications
School examinations
Secondary education in Scotland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillean%20piculet
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Antillean piculet
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The Antillean piculet (Nesoctites micromegas) is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
Taxonomy and systematics
The Antillean piculet is the only member of genus Nesoctites. The species is evolutionarily distinct from the other piculets, and some taxonomists afford it its own subfamily Nesoctitinae. A fossil feather in amber attributed to the genus has been found in the Dominican Republic, showing that the ancestors of the species have been isolated on Hispaniola for at least 25 million years.
The Antillean piculet has two subspecies, the nominate N. m. micromegas (Sundevall, 1866) and N. m. abbotti (Wetmore, 1928).
Description
The Antillean piculet is long and weighs . It is the largest piculet, and is about double the size of the Neotropical piculets of genus Picumnus. Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a lemon yellow crown with an orange-red to red patch in the center. Their hindneck is yellowish green and their upperparts dull olive green to yellow-green with a faint rusty-bronze tinge. Their wings are olive green and the flight feathers have yellow-green edges. Their tail is browish olive with a bronze cast. Their cheeks are dull whitish with olive barring, their chin and throat white with a faint yellow tinge, and the rest of their underparts pale yellowish white. The throat has a few small dark spots and the breast and belly have wide dark streaks. Adult females are larger than males and have the same plumage except without the red crown spot. Juveniles are overall duller than adults, do not have a red crown spot, and have obscure barring rather than streaks on their underparts. Subspecies N. m. abbotti is paler than the nominate and has less yellow on the crown, grayer upperparts, a plainer white throat, and less heavy streaks on the underparts.
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of Antillean piuculet is found throughout the main island of Hispaniola. N. m. abbotti is restricted to Gonâve Island off the west coast of Haiti. The species inhabits a variety of landscapes including humid and dry broadleaf forests, Hispaniolan pine forests dominated by Pinus occidentalis, semi-arid scrubland, and thorn forest. It also occurs in mangrove forest and occasionally in orchards and plantations. In all habitats it favors dense undergrowth. In elevation it is most numerous between about but occurs as high as in Sierra de Bahoruco of southwestern Dominican Republic.
Behavior
Movement
The Antillean piculet is a year-round resident throughout its range.
Feeding
The Antillean piculet mostly forages in the forest understorey below about , but will feed in the crown as well. It mostly hunts by gleaning small branches, twigs, and vines rather than tree trunks, and also probes flowers and clusters of leaves and pine needles. It hunts singly or in pairs. Its diet is mostly insects, especially ants and beetles, and includes other arthropods and a relatively large amount of fruit.
Breeding
The Antillean piculet's breeding season is from February to July. It excavates a nest hole or occupies one abandoned by another woodpecker, typically within of the ground in a stump, tree, palm, or fence post. Pairs are highly territorial and will aggressively call and display towards intruders. The clutch size is two to four eggs; the incubation period and time to fledging are not known.
Vocalization
The Antillean piculet has a variety of vocalizations. Members of a pair use "kuk-ki-ki-ki-ke-ku-kuk" as a contact and territorial call. Its alarm calls are "mechanical 'pit' and 'pew' notes" and it makes a "continuous noisy 'yeh-yeh-yeh-yeh' chatter during fights". In contrast to many other woodpeckers, it is not known to drum.
References
Picinae
Endemic birds of the Caribbean
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the West Indies
Endemic birds of Hispaniola
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Haiti
Birds described in 1866
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frode%20Barth
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Frode Barth
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Frode Barth (born 20 August 1968) is a Norwegian musician (guitar) and composer, widely recognized for his contributions to jazz, contemporary and popular music, performing with musicians including Oscar Peterson, Reggie Workman, Arthur Maia, Robertinho Silva, Toninho Horta, Kjell Karlsen, Trygve Seim, Terje Venaas, Harald Johnsen, Celio de Carvalho, Alf Kjellman, Pål Thowsen, Arild Andersen, Jon Eberson, Per Oddvar Johansen, Steve Bloom and Jarle Vespestad.
Career
Barth was born in Lørenskog and picked up the guitar at only 9 years of age. Under the tutorship of Erik Wesseltoft (1977–1984) he would soon progress to lead his own bands. One of the most prominent of them being "Bad Image", which was bestowed with a first place of the major Norwegian daily newspaper Aftenposten's talent competition in 1983. He was also involved in the "St. Laurentius Choir" (1977–1983) where he appeared as a soloist on a number of occasions. When 15 he filled in for Wesseltoft in the nationally renowned Kjell Karlsen Orchestra and showed his skills as soloist alongside lauded trumpeter Peter Katterås. He later studied under the guidance of guitarists Bjørn Klakegg (1983–1989), Jørn Takla (1985–1986), Egil Haugland (1984–87), Knut Værnes (during the Norwegian Jazz Federation Summer School in 1987), Odd-Arne Jacobsen (1988–1989), Staffan William-Olsson (1988–1990), Stein-Erik Olsen (1989–1991) and Geir-Otto Nilsson (1991–1992). In addition to the guitar studies, Barth also studied improvisation under the jazz musicians Torgrim Sollid and Morten Lassem (1986–1988).
Barth is a graduate of the Music program at Foss videregående skole (1985–1988), and completed the instrumental teaching course at the Barratt Due Institute of Music (1988–1990). This is a classic course, but he was also active in a wide range of musical experiences, like the improvisation classes taught by jazz pianist Egil Kapstad, occasionally bring in well established musicians such as drummer Ole Jacob Hansen and bassist Terje Venaas. Barth also studied with the well respected guitarist Finn Westbye. He continued studying guitar, composition and kindergarten music teaching at the Barratt-Due Institute of Music (1990–91) and began graduate studies at the Institute for Music and Theatre at the University of Oslo (1992–94). Following this period, Barth focused on studying with influential players in his chosen genre including in-depth studies in London with guitarist and composer John W. Duarte (1996), lessons with guitarist and composer Leo Brouwer in Havana (1999) and sessions with bassist and composer Reggie Workman, in New York 1994 and 1997.
Barth is now active as a guitarist, composer, educator and producer, and has collaborated with a wide range of musicians, and contributed to and released a number of albums, visited festivals in Norway and around the World, and participated in a number of TV and radio programmes. He received the National Scholarship as a musician in 1999 to work with composer Bjørn Fongaard's microtonal quarter-tone music. Of most importance for his career is the Norwegian-Estonian trio collaboration Barth, Aaserud & Roll [BAR], which with the release Going North was awarded the 2006 Estonian Grammy, in the category Jazz. Another important project is the long lasting collaboration with bassist Harald Johnsen. In 1988 they won the national finals of Norway's youth culture event UKM as members of trio TAPE, together. Barth has recently contributed to "Julius Winger Band" including Jan Erik Kongshaug (guitar), Mathias Eick (trumpet), Trygve Seim (saxophone), Mats Eilertsen (bass), Andreas Utnem (piano), Halvor Lillesund (accordion) and Per Oddvar Johansen (drums).
Discography
Solo album
2009: Lines and Circle
Collaborative works
1989 Kvinner & Kanari (Hot Club)
1994 Egentlig (MTG), with Trond Bjertnes
1995 Gjær (MTG), Forfatterverket
1997 Cumulus – Norwegian Contemporary Guitar Music (MTG)
1997 Jeg (MTG), with Trond Bjertnes
1998 Beeples (MTG)
2002 Rull's Choice (RR1)
2005 Norec (SAZAS), with Aleš Hadalin & Marko Boh
2005 Eesti hääled (RR)
2006 Going North (MTG), Barth-Aaserud-Rull [BAR]
2007 Blue Spheres (MTG), with Harald Johnsen
2008 Kjærlighet og andre misforståelser (Kirkelig Kulturverksted), with Julius Winger
References
External links
The cooperation with Harald Johnsen
1968 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian guitarists
21st-century Norwegian guitarists
Norwegian jazz guitarists
Norwegian jazz composers
Barratt Due Institute of Music alumni
People from Lørenskog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Peter%20Wypych
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Andrew Peter Wypych
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Andrew Peter Wypych (born December 5, 1954) is a Polish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop and episcopal vicar of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 2011 to 2023.
Biography
Early life and education
Andrew Wypych was born in Kazimierza Wielka, Poland on December 5, 1954, to Henryka Luty and Julian Wypych. He had one brother who died in infancy. Wypych first attended the primary school in Dobieszowice then the secondary school, Liceum Ogólnokształcące, in Działoszyce. Wypych then entered the major seminary of the Archdiocese of Kraków.
In 1973, Wypych started his studies at the Papal Academy of Theology in Kraków, receiving a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1975 and a Master of Theology degree in 1979, On May 6, 1978, Wypych was ordained a deacon by then Cardinal Karol Wojtyła.
Ordination and ministry
On April 29, 1979, Wypych was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski for the Archdiocese of Kraków. After his ordination, he served as an associate pastor in Kozy, Poland. In 1981, Wypych was transferred to a parish in Jawiszowice, Poland.
In April 1983, Wypych moved to Illinois to be closer to his mother, who had emigrated there in 1974.In 2011, he revealed in an interview that he had been unable to call his mother for years due to restrictions from the Polish Government of that era.
After arriving in the United States, the Archdiocese of Chicago assigned Wypych to Five Holy Martyrs Parish in Chicago. At the end of 1983, he was transferred to St. Giles Parish in Oak Park, Illinois. In 1985, Wypych became associate pastor of St. Ladislaus Parish in Chicago. Starting in July 1986, he went to St. Pancratius Parish in Chicago.
Having decided to stay in Chicago because of the need for priests, Wypych requested incardination, or transfer, to the Archdiocese of Chicago, which was granted in 1989. In 1996, he began serving also as pastor of Five Holy Martyrs Parish, an assignment that lasted until 1999. Wypych remained at St. Pancratius for 16 years as associate pastor, parochial administrator and pastor. In 2002, Wypych was appointed pastor of St. Francis Borgia Parish in Chicago. During this same time period, he also served as dean of Deanery IV-D and as a member of the archdiocesan college of consultors.
Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago
On June 13, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI named Wypych as an auxiliary bishop of Chicago and titular bishop of Naraggara. He received his episcopal consecration on August 10, 2011, from Cardinal Francis George, with Bishop Józek Guzdek from the Archdiocese of Białystok in Poland and Archbishop Gustavo Garcia-Siller as co-consecrators. As an auxiliary bishop, Wypych served as episcopal vicar for Vicariate V.
Pope Francis accepted Wypych's resignation as auxiliary bishop on September 19, 2023. Wypych had resigned at age 68, seven years before the mandatory retirement age, for health reasons.
References
External links
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
1954 births
Living people
Polish Roman Catholic titular bishops
Polish emigrants to the United States
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago
Christianity in Chicago
21st-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Religious leaders from Illinois
People from Kazimierza County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doll%20Maker%20of%20Kiang-Ning
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The Doll Maker of Kiang-Ning
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The Doll Maker of Kiang-Ning () is a 1923 German silent fantasy film directed by Robert Wiene and starring Werner Krauss, Lia Eibenschütz, and Ossip Runitsch. A doll maker in China crafts a puppet which he is convinced is lifelike. He takes it to exhibit at a public event, but is outraged to find an even more convincing and beautiful doll there. It is in fact a real woman pretending to be a doll, but he becomes so obsessed he attempts to steal her and the film ends with her rescue and his tragic death.
The film had its premiere in Berlin in November 1923. It received a universally negative reception from critics who were particularly unimpressed by the attempt to portray Chinese culture using German actors. The film continues a wider theme in the director Robert Wiene's work which contrasts Western and Eastern cultures.
Cast
References
Bibliography
External links
1923 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
German fantasy drama films
Films directed by Robert Wiene
Films set in China
Films with screenplays by Carl Mayer
German black-and-white films
1920s fantasy drama films
1923 drama films
Silent fantasy drama films
1920s German films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20M.%20Sampler
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Samuel M. Sampler
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Samuel M. Sampler (January 27, 1895 – November 19, 1979) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War I.
Biography
Born on January 27, 1895, in Decatur, Texas, Sampler was raised in Audubon, New Jersey. He enlisted in the Army from Altus, Oklahoma, and served in Europe as a corporal with Company H of the 142nd Infantry Regiment, 36th Division. During an attack near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes, France, on October 8, 1918, his company's advance was halted and they took heavy casualties from a German machine gun nest. Sampler single-handedly charged the hostile position and silenced it with hand grenades, killing two German soldiers and capturing 28. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor the next year, in 1919.
Sampler's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
His company having suffered severe casualties during an advance under machinegun fire, was finally stopped. Cpl. Sampler detected the position of the enemy machineguns on an elevation. Armed with German handgrenades, which he had picked up, he left the line and rushed forward in the face of heavy fire until he was near the hostile nest, where he grenaded the position. His third grenade landed among the enemy, killing 2, silencing the machineguns, and causing the surrender of 28 Germans, whom he sent to the rear as prisoners. As a result of his act the company was immediately enabled to resume the advance.
Sampler died at age 84 on November 19, 1979, and was buried at Fort Myers Memorial Gardens in Fort Myers, Florida.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
References
External links
1895 births
1979 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War I
People from Audubon, New Jersey
People from Decatur, Texas
World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20DRIVE4COPD%20300
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2014 DRIVE4COPD 300
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The 2014 DRIVE4COPD 300 was the first stock car race of the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series season, and the 33rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, February 22, 2014, in Daytona Beach, Florida at Daytona International Speedway, a 2.5 miles (4.0 km) permanent asphalt quad-oval superspeedway. The race was extended from 120 laps to 121 laps, due to a NASCAR overtime finish. At race's end, Regan Smith, driving for JR Motorsports, would hold off Brad Keselowski in a photo finish for his 4th career NASCAR Nationwide Series win. Smith would beat Keselowski by 0.013 second. To fill out the podium, Trevor Bayne of Roush Fenway Racing would finish third, respectively.
Background
The race was held at Daytona International Speedway, which is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, the most prestigious race in NASCAR as well as its season opening event. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races of ARCA, AMA Superbike, IMSA, SCCA, and Motocross. The track features multiple layouts including the primary high-speed tri-oval, a sports car course, a motorcycle course, and a karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's infield includes the Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing. The speedway is operated by NASCAR pursuant to a lease with the City of Daytona Beach on the property that runs until 2054.
Entry list
(R) denotes rookie driver.
(i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.
Practice
First practice
The first practice session was held on Thursday, February 20, at 12:00 PM EST, and would last for 85 minutes. Elliott Sadler of Joe Gibbs Racing would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 47.876 and an average speed of .
Second and final practice
The third and final practice session, sometimes referred to as Happy Hour, was held on Thursday, February 20, at 3:00 PM EST, and would last for 85 minutes. Bobby Gerhart of Bobby Gerhart Racing would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 47.533 and an average speed of .
Qualifying
Qualifying was held on Friday, February 21, at 1:10 PM EST. Since Daytona International Speedway is at least , the qualifying system was a multi-car system that included three rounds. The first round was 25 minutes, where every driver would be able to set a lap within the 25 minutes. Then, the second round would consist of the fastest 24 cars in Round 1, and drivers would have 10 minutes to set a lap. Round 3 consisted of the fastest 12 drivers from Round 2, and the drivers would have 5 minutes to set a time. Whoever was fastest in Round 3 would win the pole.
Qualifying was cancelled after the first round, due to inclement weather. Dylan Kwasniewski of Turner Scott Motorsports would win the pole after setting a fast enough time in the round, with a time of 46.856 and an average speed of .
Nine drivers would fail to qualify: David Ragan, Tanner Berryhill, Chris Buescher, Willie Allen, Matt Carter, Matt DiBenedetto, Carl Long, Carlos Contreras, and Clay Greenfield.
Full qualifying results
Race results
Standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Note: Only the first 10 positions are included for the driver standings.
References
NASCAR races at Daytona International Speedway
2014 in sports in Florida
February 2014 sports events in the United States
2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur-Kolonia%20Wschodnia
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Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia
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Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSPF-CD
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WSPF-CD
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WSPF-CD, virtual channel 35 (UHF digital channel 36), is a low-power, Class A television station serving Tampa, Florida, United States that is licensed to St. Petersburg as an owned-and-operated station of Tri-State Christian Television (TCT). WSPF-CD maintains studio facilities located on North Dale Mabry Highway in Tampa, and its transmitter located in Riverview, Florida.
History
The station first signed on the air in 1989 as W35AJ, which originally operated as an owned-and-operated station of Channel America (in effect, becoming the first network-owned commercial station in the Tampa Bay market). However, the station was operated only intermittently, and would be off the air for weeks at a time. W35AJ was already dark for a couple of years when the St. Petersburg city government acquired the station in February 1995. Until that point, St. Petersburg's government-access television channel, first established in January 1990, was seen exclusively on cable television on cable channel 15 (since moved to digital channel 615 in December 2007). Prior to then, the city presented some programs on a local origination channel on Paragon Cable (since succeeded by Bright House Networks and Charter Communications).
Under the ownership of the City of St. Petersburg, the station broadcast City Council meetings and other public service programming for area residents, including the required three weekly hours of educational programming mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In December 1999, the station's call letters were changed to WSPF-LP. It was eventually upgraded to Class A status, resulting in the callsign being modified to WSPF-CA in 2001.
On November 3, 2011, it was announced that the City of St. Petersburg was in discussions to sell WSPF-CA to Miami Lakes-based broadcast group Prime Time Partners; the company had placed a $500,000 bid to buy the station. Prime Time Partners immediately announced plans to convert the station to digital, with a Spanish-language service broadcasting on channel 35.1. The city announced that the station was up for sale in July 2011, due to the expense of converting the station to digital. The sale to Prime Time Partners was approved by the FCC on May 29, 2012.
On or around June 30, 2012, WSPF-CA signed on its digital signal on UHF channel 38, the frequency formerly used by the analog signal of WTTA; ironically, the city of St. Petersburg founded the previous occupant of the channel 38 frequency, WSUN-TV, in 1953. In converting to digital operations, the station's call sign was modified to WSPF-CD. In addition, the station relocated its transmitter site to the antenna farm in Riverview. Shortly after digital transmissions began, WSPF-CD began broadcasting MundoFox (now MundoMax) on 35.1 and infomercials on 35.2 and 35.3. The city access channel, now known as StPeteTV, continues to be carried within the City of St. Petersburg on Bright House channel 641, WOW! channel 15 or Verizon FiOS channel 20, as well as online; it was originally announced that the city was offered a subchannel of WSPF-CD to continue carrying its city access channel terrestrially, though they ultimately chosen not to use it.
On May 30, 2014, it was announced that WSPF-CD will be carried market-wide on Bright House for its digital cable subscribers, beginning August 1.
Digital television
Digital channels
The station's digital channel is multiplexed:
References
External links
City of St. Petersburg: StPeteTV
SPF-CD
Television channels and stations established in 1989
SPF
SPF-CD
1989 establishments in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Breinholt
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Jeffrey Breinholt
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Jeffrey Alan Breinholt (born October 30, 1963) is an American lawyer. He has been an attorney with the United States Department of Justice National Security Division since 1990. In 2008, he joined the International Assessment and Strategy Center for a one-year stint as Senior Fellow and Director of National Security Law.
Breinholt earned his Bachelor of Arts from Yale College in 1985 and his Juris Doctor from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law in 1988.
Breinholt has been Deputy Chief of the Counterterrorism Section at the U.S. Department of Justice and head of the Department of Justice's terrorist financing enforcement program since shortly before 9/11. He helped to create a special FBI unit devoted to U.S.-based fundraising by international terrorist organizations and the team of financial prosecutors he headed within the Counterterrorism Section is dedicated to prosecuting material support crimes.
He was previously Special Assistant U.S. Attorney in the District of Utah.
Breinholt teaches a class entitled Criminal Tax Litigation at the George Washington University Law School.
A profile of Breinholt's legal work in the New York Times described Breinholt as believing that "terrorism prosecutions work" and that "American Muslims are prickly, litigious and poorly integrated into American society." New York Times, Impressions of Terrorism, Drawn From Court Files,
Breinholt is the older brother of Utah-based folk musician Peter Breinholt and is the husband of prominent international attorney, Moni SenGupta.
Criticism
Breinholt attracted public attention when an article he published described public criticism of civil liberties as an "eccentric" concern.
Books
Counterterrorism Enforcement: A Lawyer’s Guide (DOJ Office of Legal Education 2004)
Taxing Terrorism, From Al Capone to Al Qaida: Fighting Violence Through Financial Regulation (2007)
References
1963 births
Living people
Yale College alumni
UCLA School of Law alumni
American lawyers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer%20Smith%20Power%20Plant
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Elmer Smith Power Plant
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The Elmer Smith Power Plant was a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by the city of Owensboro, Kentucky. Unit 1 opened in 1964 with Unit 2 opening 10 years later in 1974
The power plant was the main source of power for the city of Owensboro during the years it was active.
History
As a result of the Owensboro Municipal Utility Commission approving a contract with Big Rivers Electric to supply electricity for Owensboro, Elmer Smith Power Plant closed on June 1, 2020, and was demolished on December 4, 2022, making it two years, six months and three days later after the power plant's closure.
Emissions data
2006 Emissions: 2,846,615 tons
2006 Emissions: 2,525 tons
2006 Emissions: 7,045 tons
2005 Mercury Emissions: 59 lb
Controversy
In 2010, The Clean Air Task Force conducted a study to identify and quantify deaths and other injuries attributed to fine particle pollution from coal-fired power plants and found there to be an estimated 10 deaths annually as a result of fine particle pollution from the Elmer Smith Power Station as well as other negative effects on the health of those affected by the pollutants.
Closing
In 2019, the city of Owensboro made the landmark decision to close the plant as part of its economic evolution and effort to attract more tourism (5) By closing the plant, the city plans on switching primarily to solar power by 2022 by purchasing energy from the Ashwood Solar Station which is set to open in Lyon County, Kentucky
See also
Coal mining in Kentucky
Owensboro, Kentucky
Coal-fired power station
Solar power in Kentucky
References
External links
Official website
Energy infrastructure completed in 1964
Coal-fired power plants in Kentucky
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly%20Vasiliev%20%28painter%29
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Anatoly Vasiliev (painter)
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Anatoly Nikolayevich Vasiliev (; November 22, 1940 – November 13, 2020) was a Soviet and Russian painter, architect, graphic artist and book artist.
Biography
Anatoly Vasiliev was born in Riga (Latvia). Later, he lived in Poland, Germany; From 1945 to 1954—in Kaliningrad. Since 1955 he lived in Leningrad.
Graduated from Leningrad Higher Art School named after V.I. Mukhina, Department of Buildings Interior Decoration (1965).
One of the first Leningrad nonconformists. Participated in unofficial art exhibitions and manifestations (Harbor, 1962; on Kustarny, 1971; at Kuzminsky, 1974; Nevsky Palace of Culture, 1975; Ordzhonikidze Palace of Culture, 1976). Participant and exhibitor of associations: Experimental Exhibitions Association, Association of Experimental Fine Art, IFA.
Upon Perestroika, started travelling abroad: France (1989); Belgium (1990); USA (since 1991); Austria (personal exhibition in Saalbach, 1999).
As artist, took part in Venice Carnivals (together with Mihail Chemiakin).
First personal exhibition—Borey Gallery (St. Petersburg, 1994).
Project member: City as an Artist's Subjectivity (2020).
He lived and worked in Saint Petersburg. Anatoly Vasiliev died in November 13, 2020.
Museum collections
The artist's works are in the following museum collections/ State Catalogue of the Museum Fund of Russiaa and others.
Russian Museum. Department of engraving XVIII-XXI centuries. (St. Petersburg)
National Library of Russia. Department of Prints (St. Petersburg)
Museum of Art of St. Petersburg of the 20th and 21st centuries. Saint Petersburg Manege. (St. Petersburg)
State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. (St. Petersburg)
Dostoevsky Museum. (St. Petersburg)
Anna Akhmatova Literary and Memorial Museum. (St. Petersburg)
State Museum of Urban Sculpture. (St. Petersburg)
Museum of Nonconformist Art, Pushkinskaya 10 (St. Petersburg)
Kaluga Museum of Fine Arts. (Kaluga)
State Fine Arts Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan. Graphics collection. (Kazan)
Pushkin Museum (Kazan)
Murmansk Regional Art Museum (Murmansk)
Bibliography
Alexey Parygin A City as the Artist's Subjectivity // Book Arts Newsletter. — No. 140. Bristol: CFPR (Centre for Fine Print Research). University of the West of England, 2021, July–August. — pp. 46–48. ISSN 1754-9086
City as Artist's subjectivity. Artist's book project. Catalog. Authors of the articles: Parygin A.B., Markov T.A., Klimova E.D., Borovsky A.D., Severyukhin D.Ya., Grigoryants E.I., Blagodatov N.I. (Rus & En) — Saint Petersburg: Ed. T. Markova. 2020. — 128 p.
Анатолий Васильев. Живопись. Графика/ Альбом. Серия Авангард на Неве. Авторы статей: Харолд ван де Перре, Заславский А., Герман М. — СПб: Диан. 2017. — 216 с.: цв. ил.
References
External links
1940 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Russian painters
21st-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
Soviet painters
Artists from Saint Petersburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch%20Eustathius
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Patriarch Eustathius
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Patriarch Eustathius may refer to:
Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch in 324–337 or 360
Patriarch Eustatius of Alexandria, Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in 813–817
Eustathius of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1019–1025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell
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Snell
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Snell may refer to:
People and fictional characters
Snell (surname), list of people and fictional characters with the surname
Snell (given name), list of people with the name
Geography
United States
Snell, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Snell, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Snell Creek, California
Snell Valley, California
Antarctica
Mount Snell
Other uses
Snell Acoustics, a manufacturer of audio equipment
Snell Limited, a manufacturer of digital media products
Snell Memorial Foundation, an organization which provides standard of safety for helmets
Snell knot, a hitch knot used to attach an eyed fishing hook to fishing line
Snell station, a light rail station in San Jose, California
See also
Snelle (born 1995), Dutch rapper and singer
Snell's law, the law of refraction in optics, named after Willebrord Snellius
Snell Arcade, a historic site in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
Snells, Wisconsin, United States, an unincorporated community
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20FIA%20GT%20Zolder%20500km
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2001 FIA GT Zolder 500km
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The 2001 FIA GT Zolder 500 km was the fifth round the 2001 FIA GT Championship season. It took place at the Circuit Zolder, Belgium, on May 20, 2001.
Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).
† – #1 Lister Storm Racing was disqualified for failing post-race technical inspection. The car was found to be using an illegal airbox.
Statistics
Pole position – #5 Team Rafanelli – 1:30.994
Fastest lap – #3 Team Carsport Holland – 1:31.348
Average speed – 146.930 km/h
References
Z
FIA GT
Auto races in Belgium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilno
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Bilno
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Bilno refers to the following places in Poland:
Bilno, Radziejów County
Bilno, Włocławek County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon
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Panopticon
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The panopticon is a design of institutional building with an inbuilt system of control, originated by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. The concept is to allow all prisoners of an institution to be observed by a single security guard, without the inmates knowing whether or not they are being watched.
Although it is physically impossible for the single guard to observe all the inmates' cells at once, the fact that the inmates cannot know when they are being watched motivates them to act as though they are all being watched at all times. They are effectively compelled to self-regulation. The architecture consists of a rotunda with an inspection house at its centre. From the centre, the manager or staff are able to watch the inmates. Bentham conceived the basic plan as being equally applicable to hospitals, schools, sanatoriums, and asylums. He devoted most of his efforts to developing a design for a panopticon prison, so the term now usually refers to that.
Conceptual history
The word panopticon derives from the Greek word for "all seeing" – . In 1785, Jeremy Bentham, an English social reformer and founder of utilitarianism, travelled to Krichev in Mogilev Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern Belarus) to visit his brother, Samuel, who accompanied Prince Potemkin. Bentham arrived in Krichev in early 1786 and stayed for almost two years. While residing with his brother in Krichev, Bentham sketched out the concept of the panopticon in letters. Bentham applied his brother's ideas on the constant observation of workers to prisons. Back in England, Bentham, with the assistance of his brother, continued to develop his theory on the panopticon. Prior to fleshing out his ideas of a panopticon prison, Bentham had drafted a complete penal code and explored fundamental legal theory. While in his lifetime Bentham was a prolific letter writer, he published little and remained obscure to the public until his death.
Bentham thought that the chief mechanism that would bring the manager of the panopticon prison in line with the duty to be humane would be publicity. Bentham tried to put his duty and interest junction principle into practice by encouraging a public debate on prisons. Bentham's inspection principle applied not only to the inmates of the panopticon prison, but also the manager. The unaccountable gaoler was to be observed by the general public and public officials. The apparently constant surveillance of the prison inmates by the panopticon manager and the occasional observation of the manager by the general public was to solve the age old philosophic question: "Who guards the guards?"
Bentham continued to develop the panopticon concept, as industrialisation advanced in England and an increasing number of workers were required to work in ever larger factories. Bentham commissioned drawings from an architect, Willey Reveley. Bentham reasoned that if the prisoners of the panopticon prison could be seen but never knew when they were watched, the prisoners would need to follow the rules. Bentham also thought that Reveley's prison design could be used for factories, asylums, hospitals, and schools.
Bentham remained bitter throughout his later life about the rejection of the panopticon scheme, convinced that it had been thwarted by the king and an aristocratic elite. It was largely because of his sense of injustice and frustration that he developed his ideas of sinister interest – that is, of the vested interests of the powerful conspiring against a wider public interest – which underpinned many of his broader arguments for reform.
Prison design
Bentham's proposal for a panopticon prison met with great interest among British government officials not only because it incorporated the pleasure-pain principle developed by the materialist philosopher Thomas Hobbes, but also because Bentham joined the emerging discussion on political economy. Bentham argued that the confinement of the prison, "which is his punishment, preventing [the prisoner from] carrying the work to another market". Key to Bentham's proposals and efforts to build a panopticon prison in Millbank at his own expense, was the "means of extracting labour" out of prisoners in the panopticon. In his 1791 writing Panopticon, or The Inspection House, Bentham reasoned that those working fixed hours needed to be overseen. Also, in 1791, Jean Philippe Garran de Coulon presented a paper on Bentham's panopticon prison concepts to the National Legislative Assembly in revolutionary France.
In 1812, persistent problems with Newgate Prison and other London prisons prompted the British government to fund the construction of a prison in Millbank at the taxpayers' expense. Based on Bentham's panopticon plans, the National Penitentiary opened in 1821. Millbank Prison, as it became known, was controversial, even blamed for causing mental illness among prisoners. Nevertheless, the British government placed an increasing emphasis on prisoners doing meaningful work, instead of engaging in humiliating and meaningless kill-times. Bentham lived to see Millbank Prison built and did not support the approach taken by the British government. His writings had virtually no immediate effect on the architecture of taxpayer-funded prisons that were to be built. Between 1818 and 1821, a small prison for women was built in Lancaster. It has been observed that the architect Joseph Gandy modelled it very closely on Bentham's panopticon prison plans. The K-wing near Lancaster Castle prison is a semi-rotunda with a central tower for the supervisor and five storeys with nine cells on each floor.
It was the Pentonville prison, which was built in London after Bentham's death in 1832, that was to serve as a model for a further 54 prisons in Victorian Britain. Built between 1840 and 1842 according to the plans of Joshua Jebb, Pentonville prison had a central hall with radial prison wings. It has been claimed that Bentham's panopticon influenced the radial design of 19th-century prisons built on the principles of the "separate system", including Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, which opened in 1829. But the Pennsylvania–Pentonville architectural model with its radial prison wings was not designed to facilitate constant surveillance of individual prisoners. Guards had to walk from the hall along the radial corridors and could only observe prisoners in their cells by looking through the cell door's peephole.
In 1925, Cuba's president Gerardo Machado set out to build a modern prison, based on Bentham's concepts and employing the latest scientific theories on rehabilitation. A Cuban envoy tasked with studying US prisons in advance of the construction of Presidio Modelo had been greatly impressed with Stateville Correctional Center in Illinois and the cells in the new circular prison were too faced inwards towards a central guard tower. Because of the shuttered guard tower, the guards could see the prisoners, but the prisoners could not see the guards. Cuban officials theorised that the prisoners would "behave" if there was a probable chance that they were under surveillance, and once prisoners behaved, they could be rehabilitated.
Between 1926 and 1931, the Cuban government built four such panopticons connected with tunnels to a massive central structure that served as a community centre. Each panopticon had five floors with 93 cells. In keeping with Bentham's ideas, none of the cells had doors. Prisoners were free to roam the prison and participate in workshops to learn a trade or become literate, with the hope being that they would become productive citizens. However, by the time Fidel Castro was imprisoned at Presidio Modelo, the four circulars were packed with 6,000 men, every floor was filled with trash, there was no running water, food rations were meagre, and the government supplied only the bare necessities of life.
In the Netherlands, historic panopticon prisons include Breda, Arnhem, and Haarlem penitentiary. However, these circular prisons with approximately 400 cells fail as panopticons because the inward-facing cell windows were so small that guards could not see the entire cell. The lack of surveillance that was actually possible in prisons with small cells and doors discounts many circular prison designs from being a panopticon as it had been envisaged by Bentham. In 2006, one of the first digital panopticon prisons opened near Amsterdam. Every prisoner in the Lelystad Prison wears an electronic tag and by design, only six guards are needed for 150 prisoners instead of the usual 15 or more.
Architecture of other institutions
Jeremy Bentham's panopticon architecture was not original, as rotundas had been used before, as for example in industrial buildings. However, Bentham turned the rotund architecture into a structure with a societal function, so that humans themselves became the object of control. The idea for a panopticon had been prompted by his brother Samuel Bentham's work in Russia and had been inspired by existing architectural traditions. Samuel Bentham had studied at the Ecole Militaire in 1751, and at about 1773 the prominent French architect Claude-Nicolas Ledoux had finished his designs for the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans. William Strutt in cooperation with his friend Jeremy Bentham built a round mill in Belper, so that one supervisor could oversee an entire shop floor from the centre of the round mill. The mill was built between 1803 and 1813 and was used for production until the late 19th century. It was demolished in 1959. In Bentham's 1812 writing Pauper management improved: particularly by means of an application of the Panopticon principle of construction, he included a building for an "industry-house establishment" that could hold 2000 persons. In 1812 Samuel Bentham, who had by then risen to brigadier-general, tried to persuade the British Admiralty to construct an arsenal panopticon in Kent. Before returning home to London he had constructed a panopticon in 1807, near St Petersburg, which served as a training centre for young men wishing to work in naval manufacturing. The panopticon, Bentham writes:
Though no panopticon was built during Bentham's lifetime, his principles prompted considerable discussion and debate. Shortly after Jeremy Bentham's death in 1832 his ideas were criticised by Augustus Pugin, who in 1841 published the second edition of his work Contrasts in which one plate shows a "Modern Poor House". He contrasted an English medieval gothic town in 1400 with the same town in 1840 where broken spires and factory chimneys dominate the skyline, with a panopticon in the foreground replacing the Christian hospice. Pugin, who went on to become one of the most influential 19th-century writers on architecture, was influenced by Hegel and German idealism. In 1835 the first annual report of the Poor Law Commission included two designs by the commission's architect Sampson Kempthorne. His Y-shape and cross-shape designs for workhouse expressed the panopticon principle by positioning the master's room as the central point. The designs provided for the segregation of occupants and maximum visibility from the centre. Professor David Rothman came to the conclusion that Bentham's panopticon prison did not inform the architecture of early asylums in the United States.
Criticism and use as metaphor
In 1965, the conservative historian Shirley Robin Letwin traced the Fabian zest for social planning to early utilitarian thinkers. She argued that Bentham's pet gadget, the panopticon prison, was a device of such monstrous efficiency that it left no room for humanity. She accused Bentham of forgetting the dangers of unrestrained power and argued that "in his ardour for reform, Bentham prepared the way for what he feared". Recent Libertarian thinkers began to regard Bentham's entire philosophy as having paved the way for totalitarian states. In the late 1960s, the American historian Gertrude Himmelfarb, who had published The Haunted House of Jeremy Bentham in 1965, was at the forefront of depicting Bentham's mechanism of surveillance as a tool of oppression and social control. David John Manning published The Mind of Jeremy Bentham in 1986, in which he reasoned that Bentham's fear of instability caused him to advocate ruthless social engineering and a society in which there could be no privacy or tolerance for the deviant.
In the mid-1970s, the panopticon was brought to the wider attention by the French psychoanalyst Jacques-Alain Miller and the French philosopher Michel Foucault. In 1975, Foucault used the panopticon as metaphor for the modern disciplinary society in Discipline and Punish. He argued that the disciplinary society had emerged in the 18th century and that discipline are techniques for assuring the ordering of human complexities, with the ultimate aim of docility and utility in the system. Foucault first came across the panopticon architecture when he studied the origins of clinical medicine and hospital architecture in the second half of the 18th century. He argued that discipline had replaced the pre-modern society of kings, and that the panopticon should not be understood as a building, but as a mechanism of power and a diagram of political technology.
Foucault argued that discipline had already crossed the technological threshold in the late 18th century, when the right to observe and accumulate knowledge had been extended from the prison to hospitals, schools, and later factories. In his historic analysis, Foucault reasoned that with the disappearance of public executions pain had been gradually eliminated as punishment in a society ruled by reason. The modern prison in the 1970s, with its corrective technology, was rooted in the changing legal powers of the state. While acceptance for corporal punishment diminished, the state gained the right to administer more subtle methods of punishment, such as to observe. The French sociologist Henri Lefebvre studied urban space and Foucault's interpretation of the panopticon prison, arriving at the conclusion that spatiality is a social phenomenon. Lefebvre contended that architecture is no more than the relationship between the panopticon, people, and objects. In urban studies, academics such as Marc Schuilenburg argue that a different self-consciousness arises among humans who live in an urban area.
In 1984, Michael Radford gained international attention for the cinematographic panopticon he had staged in the film Nineteen Eighty-Four. Of the telescreens in the landmark surveillance narrative Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), George Orwell said: "there was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment ... you had to live ... in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinised". In Radford's film the telescreens were bidirectional and in a world with an ever increasing number of telescreen devices the citizens of Oceania were spied on more than they thought possible. In The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (1994) the sociologist David Lyon concluded that "no single metaphor or model is adequate to the task of summing up what is central to contemporary surveillance, but important clues are available in Nineteen Eighty-Four and in Bentham's panopticon".
The French philosopher Gilles Deleuze shaped the emerging field of surveillance studies with the 1990 essay Postscript on the Societies of Control. Deleuze argued that the society of control is replacing the discipline society. With regards to the panopticon, Deleuze argued that "enclosures are moulds ... but controls are a modulation". Deleuze observed that technology had allowed physical enclosures, such as schools, factories, prisons and office buildings, to be replaced by a self-governing machine, which extends surveillance in a quest to manage production and consumption. Information circulates in the control society, just like products in the modern economy, and meaningful objects of surveillance are sought out as forward-looking profiles and simulated pictures of future demands, needs and risks are drawn up.
In 1997, Thomas Mathiesen in turn expanded on Foucault's use of the panopticon metaphor when analysing the effects of mass media on society. He argued that mass media such as broadcast television gave many people the ability to view the few from their own homes and gaze upon the lives of reporters and celebrities. Mass media has thus turned the discipline society into a viewer society. In the 1998 satirical science fiction film The Truman Show, the protagonist eventually escapes the OmniCam Ecosphere, the reality television show that, unknown to him, broadcasts his life around the clock and across the globe. But in 2002, Peter Weibel noted that the entertainment industry does not consider the panopticon as a threat or punishment, but as "amusement, liberation and pleasure". With reference to the Big Brother television shows of Endemol Entertainment, in which a group of people live in a container studio apartment and allow themselves to be recorded constantly, Weibel argued that the panopticon provides the masses with "the pleasure of power, the pleasure of sadism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, scopophilia, and narcissism". In 2006, Shoreditch TV became available to residents of the Shoreditch in London, so that they could tune in to watch CCTV footage live. The service allowed residents "to see what's happening, check out the traffic and keep an eye out for crime".
The Cornell University professor and information theorist Branden Hookway introduced the concept of a Panspectrons in 2000: an evolution of the panopticon to the effect that it does not define an object of surveillance more, but everyone and everything is monitored. The object is defined only in relation to a specific issue.
Paris School academic Didier Bigo coined the term 'Banopticon' to describe a situation where profiling technologies are used to determine who to place under surveillance.
In their 2004 book Welcome to the Machine: Science, Surveillance, and the Culture of Control, Derrick Jensen and George Draffan called Bentham "one of the pioneers of modern surveillance" and argued that his panopticon prison design serves as the model for modern supermaximum security prisons, such as Pelican Bay State Prison in California. In the 2015 book Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness, Simone Browne noted that Bentham travelled on a ship carrying slaves as cargo while drafting his panopticon proposal. She argues that the structure of chattel slavery haunts the theory of the panopticon. She proposes that the 1789 plan of the slave ship Brookes should be regarded as the paradigmatic blueprint. Drawing on Didier Bigo's Banopticon, Browne argues that society is ruled by exceptionalism of power, where the state of emergency becomes permanent and certain groups are excluded on the basis of their future potential behaviour as determined through profiling.
Surveillance technology
The metaphor of the panopticon prison has been employed to analyse the social significance of surveillance by closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in public spaces. In 1990, Mike Davis reviewed the design and operation of a shopping mall, with its centralised control room, CCTV cameras and security guards, and came to the conclusion that it "plagiarizes brazenly from Jeremy Bentham's renowned nineteenth-century design". In their 1996 study of CCTV camera installations in British cities, Nicholas Fyfe and Jon Bannister called central and local government policies that facilitated the rapid spread of CCTV surveillance a dispersal of an "electronic panopticon". Particular attention has been drawn to the similarities of CCTV with Bentham's prison design because CCTV technology enabled, in effect, a central observation tower, staffed by an unseen observer.
Employment and management
Shoshana Zuboff used the metaphor of the panopticon in her 1988 book In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power to describe how computer technology makes work more visible. Zuboff examined how computer systems were used for employee monitoring to track the behavior and output of workers. She used the term 'panopticon' because the workers could not tell that they were being spied on, while the manager was able to check their work continuously. Zuboff argued that there is a collective responsibility formed by the hierarchy in the information panopticon that eliminates subjective opinions and judgements of managers on their employees. Because each employee's contribution to the production process is translated into objective data, it becomes more important for managers to be able to analyze the work rather than analyze the people.
Foucault's use of the panopticon metaphor shaped the debate on workplace surveillance in the 1970s. In 1981 the sociologist Anthony Giddens expressed scepticism about the ongoing surveillance debate, criticising that "Foucault's 'archaeology', in which human beings do not make their own history but are swept along by it, does not adequately acknowledge that those subject to the power ... are knowledgeable agents, who resist, blunt or actively alter the conditions of life." The social alienation of workers and management in the industrialised production process had long been studied and theorised. In the 1950s and 1960s, the emerging behavioural science approach led to skills testing and recruitment processes that sought out employees that would be organisationally committed. Fordism, Taylorism and bureaucratic management of factories was still assumed to reflect a mature industrial society. The Hawthorne Plant experiments (1924–1933) and a significant number of subsequent empirical studies led to the reinterpretation of alienation: instead of being a given power relationship between the worker and management, it came to be seen as hindering progress and modernity. The increasing employment in the service industries has also been re-evaluated. In Entrapped by the electronic panopticon? Worker resistance in the call centre (2000), Phil Taylor and Peter Bain argue that the large number of people employed in call centres undertake predictable and monotonous work that is badly paid and offers few prospects. As such, they argue, it is comparable to factory work.
The panopticon has become a symbol of the extreme measures that some companies take in the name of efficiency as well as to guard against employee theft. Time-theft by workers has become accepted as an output restriction and theft has been associated by management with all behaviour that include avoidance of work. In the past decades "unproductive behaviour" has been cited as rationale for introducing a range of surveillance techniques and the vilification of employees who resist them. In a 2009 paper by Max Haiven and Scott Stoneman entitled Wal-Mart: The Panopticon of Time and the 2014 book by Simon Head Mindless: Why Smarter Machines Are Making Dumber Humans, which describes conditions at an Amazon depot in Augsburg, it is argued that catering at all times to the desires of the customer can lead to increasingly oppressive corporate environments and quotas in which many warehouse workers can no longer keep up with demands of management.
Social media
The concept of panopticon has been referenced in early discussions about the impact of social media. The notion of dataveillance was coined by Roger Clarke in 1987, since then academic researchers have used expressions such as superpanopticon (Mark Poster 1990), panoptic sort (Oscar H. Gandy Jr. 1993) and electronic panopticon (David Lyon 1994) to describe social media. Because the controlled is at the center and surrounded by those who watch, early surveillance studies treat social media as a reverse panopticon.
In modern academic literature on social media, terms like lateral surveillance, social searching, and social surveillance are employed to critically evaluate the effects of social media. However, the sociologist Christian Fuchs treats social media like a classical panopticon. He argues that the focus should not be on the relationship between the users of a medium, but the relationship between the users and the medium. Therefore, he argues that the relationship between the large number of users and the sociotechnical Web 2.0 platform, like Facebook, amounts to a panopticon. Fuchs draws attention to the fact that use of such platforms requires identification, classification and assessment of users by the platforms and therefore, he argues, the definition of privacy must be reassessed to incorporate stronger consumer protection and protection of citizens from corporate surveillance.
Art and literature
According to professor Donald Preziosi, the panopticon prison of Bentham resonates with the memory theatre of Giulio Camillo, where the sitting observer is at the centre and the phenomena are categorised in an array, which makes comparison, distinction, contrast and variation legible. Among the architectural references Bentham quoted for his panopticon prison was Ranelagh Gardens, a London pleasure garden with a dome built around 1742. At the center of the rotunda beneath the dome was an elevated platform from which a 360 degrees panorama could be viewed, illuminated through skylights. Professor Nicholas Mirzoeff compares the panopticon with the 19th-century diorama, because the architecture is arranged so that the seer views cells or galleries.
In 1854 the work on the building that was to house the Royal Panopticon of Science and Art in London was completed. The rotunda at the centre of the building was encircled with a 91-meter procession. The interior reflected the taste for religiously meaningless ornament and emerged from the contemporary taste for recreational learning. Visitors of the Royal Panopticon of Science and Art could view changing exhibits, including vacuum flasks, a pin making machine, and a cook stove. However, a competitive entertainment industry emerged in London and despite the varying music, the large fountains, interesting experiments, and opportunities for shopping, two years after opening the amateur science panopticon project closed.
Panopticon principle is the central idea in the plot of We (), a dystopian novel by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin, written 1920–1921. Zamyatin goes beyond a concept of a single prison and projects panopticon principles to the whole society where people live in buildings with fully transparent walls.
Foucault's theories positioned Bentham's panopticon prison in the social structures of 1970s Europe. This led to the widespread use of the panopticon in literature, comic books, computer games, and TV series. In Doctor Who, an abandoned panopticon is featured. In the 1981 the novella Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel García Márquez on the murder of Santiago Nasar, chapter four is written with a view on the characters through the panopticon of Riohacha. Angela Carter, in her 1984 novel Nights at the Circus, linked the panopticon of Countes P to a "perverse honeycomb" and made the character the matriarchal queen bee. In the 2011 TV series, Person of Interest, Foucault's panopticon is used to grasp the pressure under which the character Harold Finch suffers in the post-9/11 United States of America. The horror fiction podcast The Magnus Archives features a modified version of the Millbank Prison panopticon.
See also
Atrium (architecture)
Architecture
Consumerism
Heterotopia (space)
Landscapes of power
Mass surveillance
PRISM (surveillance program)
Right to privacy
Social facilitation
Sousveillance
Urban planning
Total institution
Torture
References
18th century in philosophy
Jeremy Bentham
Prisons
Surveillance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cocktail%20Party
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The Cocktail Party
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The Cocktail Party is a verse drama in three acts by T. S. Eliot written in 1948 and performed in 1949 at the Edinburgh Festival. It was published in 1950. The play was the most popular of Eliot's seven plays in his lifetime, although his 1935 play, Murder in the Cathedral, is better remembered today. It focuses on a troubled married couple who, through the intervention of a mysterious stranger, settle their problems and move on with their lives.
The Cocktail Party was written while Eliot was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1950 the play had successful runs in London and New York theaters (the Broadway production received the 1950 Tony Award for Best Play).
The play starts out seeming to be a light satire of the traditional British drawing room comedy. As it progresses, however, the work becomes a darker philosophical/psychological treatment of human relations. As in many of Eliot's works, the play uses absurdist elements to expose the isolation of the human condition. In another recurring theme of Eliot's plays, the Christian martyrdom of the mistress character is seen as a sacrifice that permits the predominantly secular life of the community to continue. As a morality play, the play is based on Euripides' play Alcestis.
In 1951, in the first Theodore Spencer Memorial Lecture at Harvard University Eliot criticised his own plays in the second half of the lecture, explicitly the plays Murder in the Cathedral, The Family Reunion, and The Cocktail Party. The lecture was published as "Poetry and Drama" and later included in Eliot's 1957 collection On Poetry and Poets.
Synopsis
Edward Chamberlayne's wife Lavinia has left him, after five years of marriage, just as they are about to host a cocktail party at their London home. To keep up appearances, he pretends that she has gone to see her aunt. Later, he confesses to a mysterious Unidentified Guest that Lavinia has in fact left him. The Unidentified Guest offers to bring Lavinia back, and does so.
The Unidentified Guest turns out to be the 'psychiatrist' Sir Henry Harcourt-Reilly. Edward and Lavinia both consult with Reilly at his office. He tells them that they have been deceiving themselves and must face life's realities: their life together, though hollow and superficial, is preferable to life apart. This message is difficult for the play's third main character, Celia, to accept. She, at the psychiatrist's urging, sets out upon the path to sainthood, embracing a life of greater honesty and salvation that leads her to become a Christian mystic fated to endure martyrdom on the fictional Eastern island of Kinkanja. Following Celia's consultation with the 'psychiatrist', it is revealed that the characters Reilly, Julia, and Alex are not, in fact, humans but angelic beings dedicated to the 'transhumanising' of the human soul: two paths lie open to humans: the first being the way of companionable self-deception ('the hearth') embraced by the vast majority – as epitomised in the relationship between Edward and Lavinia, and the second that of the saint, embraced by a gifted — or burdened — few.
Two years later, Edward and Lavinia, now better adjusted, host another cocktail party, at which they are told by Alex of Celia's martyrdom, for which they confess feeling a measure of guilt at what they consider the tragic waste of her life, but which Reilly considers a triumph. It is further hinted that Peter Quilpe is another of the rare individuals destined, like Celia, to follow the arduous but fulfilling path to sainthood/enlightenment.
Characters
Edward Chamberlayne
Lavinia Chamberlayne
Celia Coplestone, with whom Edward has had an affair
Peter Quilpe, who yearns for Celia
Julia Shuttlethwaite
Alexander MacColgie Gibbs
An Unidentified Guest, later identified as Sir Henry Harcourt-Reilly
A Nurse-Secretary (secretary to Sir Henry)
Productions
After its debut at the Edinburgh Festival in 1949 with Alec Guinness in the role of the unidentified guest, produced by Henry Sherek and directed by E. Martin Browne, The Cocktail Party premiered on Broadway on 21 January 1950 at the Henry Miller's Theatre and ran for 409 performances. Produced by Gilbert Miller and directed by E. Martin Browne, the production starred Guinness as the mysterious stranger. It received the 1950 Tony Award for Best Play. The play also ran in London with Rex Harrison as the unidentified guest.
A revival opened on 7 October 1968 at the Lyceum Theatre and ran for 44 performances. The Chamberlaynes were played by Brian Bedford and Frances Sternhagen, with Sydney Walker as the mysterious stranger.
Guinness returned to the role of the unidentified guest at the Chichester Festival Theatre under his own direction in 1968, taking the production to London later in the year.
In the spring of 2010, the New York-based Off-Broadway company The Actors Company Theatre (TACT) presented the play.
References
Further reading
T. S. Eliot, The Complete Poems and Plays
Grover Smith, T.S. Eliot's Poetry and Plays: A Study in Sources and Meaning
E. Martin Browne, The Making of T.S. Eliot's Plays.
External links
1950 plays
Broadway plays
Faber and Faber books
Plays based on works by Euripides
Plays by T. S. Eliot
Tony Award-winning plays
Works based on Alcestis (play)
Modern adaptations of works by Euripides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Beaumont
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De Beaumont
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De Beaumont may refer to:
House of Beaumont, a Norman family
de Beaumont Foundation, a US charitable foundation
Charles de Beaumont (1902-1972), British Olympic fencer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20Hofstra%20Flying%20Dutchmen%20football%20team
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1963 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen football team
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The 1963 Hofstra Flying Dutchmen football team was an American football team that represented Hofstra University during the 1963 NCAA College Division football season. Hofstra was nominally a member of the Middle Atlantic Conference, College–Northern Division, but played no games within the division.
In their 14th year under head coach Howard "Howdy" Myers Jr., the Flying Dutchmen compiled a 3–6 record, and were outscored 234 to 219. Ray DiScala and Len Garille were the team captains.
This was Hofstra's last year in the MAC College–Northern Division. Just before the season began, the MAC's executive committee approved Hofstra's transfer to the more competitive University Division, effective in September 1964. In six years of MAC football play, Hofstra had never played enough College Division teams to qualify for the division championship, instead playing mostly local opponents in the New York metropolitan area and New England, as well as several members of the MAC University Division. The 1963 schedule featured no MAC College Division opponents and only one MAC University Division opponent, Temple.
With their first home game of 1963, the Flying Dutchmen opened their new home field, Hofstra Stadium in Hempstead on Long Island, New York.
Schedule
References
Hofstra
Hofstra Pride football seasons
Hofstra Flying Dutchmen football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Feelin%27s%20Good
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The Feelin's Good
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The Feelin's Good is a compilation album of tracks recorded by jazz tenor saxophonist Hank Mobley during a single recording session in 1963. It was released on the Music Matters label. It features performances by Mobley, Donald Byrd, Herbie Hancock, Butch Warren and Philly Joe Jones.
The songs were originally released as follows: "Old World, New Imports" and "Up A Step", appeared on No Room for Squares released in 1964. "East Of The Village" and "The Good Life", appeared on The Turnaround! released in 1965 and the remaining two tracks, "The Feelin's Good" and "Yes Indeed", were not released until 1985 as part of the album Straight No Filter. In 2013, the company Music Matters released this compilation album.
Reception
Greg Simmons of All About Jazz praised the album as one of Mobley's best.
Track listing
All compositions by Hank Mobley, except as noted
"The Feelin's Good"
"Up A Step"
"The Good Life" (Sacha Distel, Jack Reardon)
"East of the Village"
"Yes Indeed" (Sy Oliver)
"Old World, New Imports"
Personnel
Hank Mobley – tenor saxophone
Donald Byrd – trumpet
Herbie Hancock – piano
Butch Warren – bass
Philly Joe Jones – drums
References
2013 albums
Albums produced by Alfred Lion
Blue Note Records albums
Hank Mobley albums
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshaya%20Glushitsa%2C%20Volgograd%20Oblast
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Bolshaya Glushitsa, Volgograd Oblast
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Bolshaya Glushitsa () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Mikhaylovka Urban Okrug, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 105 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.
Geography
Bolshaya Glushitsa is located 37 km northeast of Mikhaylovka. Sennoy is the nearest rural locality.
History
As of 1859, Bolshaya Glushitsa was in the list of settlements of the Don Cossacks under No. 1787. There were 10 households in the village, 27 men and 30 women.
References
Rural localities in Mikhaylovka urban okrug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway%20track
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Railway track
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A railway track (British English and UIC terminology) or railroad track (American English), also known as a train track or permanent way (often "perway" in Australia), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties (sleepers, British English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable surface for their wheels to roll upon. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers; since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.
Historical development
The first railway in Britain was the Wollaton Wagonway, built in 1603 between Wollaton and Strelley in Nottinghamshire. It used wooden rails and was the first of around 50 wooden-railed tramways built over the next 164 years. These early wooden tramways typically used rails of oak or beech, attached to wooden sleepers with iron or wooden nails. Gravel or small stones were packed around the sleepers to hold them in place and provide a walkway for the people or horses that moved wagons along the track. The rails were usually about long and were not joined - instead, adjacent rails were laid on a common sleeper. The straight rails could be angled at these joints to form primitive curved track.
The first iron rails laid in Britain were at the Darby Ironworks in Coalbrookdale in 1767.
When steam locomotives were introduced, starting in 1804, the track then in use proved too weak to carry the additional weight. Richard Trevithick's pioneering locomotive at Pen-y-darren broke the plateway track and had to be withdrawn. As locomotives became more widespread in the 1810s and 1820s, engineers built rigid track formations, with iron rails mounted on stone sleepers, and cast-iron chairs holding them in place. This proved to be a mistake, and was soon replaced with flexible track structures that allowed a degree of elastic movement as trains passed over them.
Structure
Traditional track structure
Traditionally, tracks are constructed using flat-bottomed steel rails laid on and spiked or screwed into timber or pre-stressed concrete sleepers (known as ties in North America), with crushed stone ballast placed beneath and around the sleepers.
Most modern railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails that are attached to the sleepers with base plates that spread the load. When concrete sleepers are used, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tie plate. Rail is usually attached to the sleeper with resilient fastenings, although cut spikes are widely used in North America. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, and a considerable amount of this track remains on secondary and tertiary routes.
In North America and Australia, flat-bottomed rails were typically fastened to the sleepers with dog spikes through a flat tie plate. In Britain and Ireland, bullhead rails were carried in cast-iron chairs which were spiked to the sleepers. In 1936, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway pioneered the conversion to flat-bottomed rail in Britain, though earlier lines had made some use of it.
Jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. However, the intrinsic weakness in resisting vertical loading results in the ballast becoming depressed and a heavy maintenance workload is imposed to prevent unacceptable geometrical defects at the joints. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the fishplate (joint bar) mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads.
Timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, chromated copper arsenate, or other wood preservatives. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are often used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications.
The track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage.
Ballastless track
A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping) and lining to restore the desired track geometry and smoothness of vehicle running. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track. In its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete (like a highway structure) with the rails supported directly on its upper surface (using a resilient pad).
There are a number of proprietary systems; variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab and the use of pre-cast pre-stressed concrete units laid on a base layer. Many permutations of design have been put forward.
However, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance. Ballastless track is usually considered for new very high speed or very high loading routes, in short extensions that require additional strength (e.g. railway stations), or for localised replacement where there are exceptional maintenance difficulties, for example in tunnels. Most rapid transit lines and rubber-tyred metro systems use ballastless track.
Continuous longitudinally supported track
Early railways (c. 1840s) experimented with continuous bearing railtrack, in which the rail was supported along its length, with examples including Brunel's baulk road on the Great Western Railway, as well as use on the Newcastle and North Shields Railway, on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to a design by John Hawkshaw, and elsewhere. Continuous-bearing designs were also promoted by other engineers. The system was tested on the Baltimore and Ohio railway in the 1840s, but was found to be more expensive to maintain than rail with cross sleepers.
This type of track still exists on some bridges on Network Rail where the timber baulks are called waybeams or longitudinal timbers. Generally the speed over such structures is low.
Later applications of continuously supported track include Balfour Beatty's 'embedded slab track', which uses a rounded rectangular rail profile (BB14072) embedded in a slipformed (or pre-cast) concrete base (development 2000s). The 'embedded rail structure', used in the Netherlands since 1976, initially used a conventional UIC 54 rail embedded in concrete, and later developed (late 1990s) to use a 'mushroom' shaped SA42 rail profile; a version for light rail using a rail supported in an asphalt concrete–filled steel trough has also been developed (2002).
Modern ladder track can be considered a development of baulk road. Ladder track utilizes sleepers aligned along the same direction as the rails with rung-like gauge restraining cross members. Both ballasted and ballastless types exist.
Rail
Modern track typically uses hot-rolled steel with a profile of an asymmetrical rounded I-beam. Unlike some other uses of iron and steel, railway rails are subject to very high stresses and have to be made of very high-quality steel alloy. It took many decades to improve the quality of the materials, including the change from iron to steel. The stronger the rails and the rest of the trackwork, the heavier and faster the trains the track can carry.
Other profiles of rail include: bullhead rail; grooved rail; flat-bottomed rail (Vignoles rail or flanged T-rail); bridge rail (inverted U–shaped used in baulk road); and Barlow rail (inverted V).
North American railroads until the mid- to late-20th century used rails long so they could be carried in gondola cars (open wagons), often long; as gondola sizes increased, so did rail lengths.
According to the Railway Gazette International the planned-but-cancelled 150-kilometre rail line for the Baffinland Iron Mine, on Baffin Island, would have used older carbon steel alloys for its rails, instead of more modern, higher performance alloys, because modern alloy rails can become brittle at very low temperatures.
Iron-topped wooden rails
Early North American railroads used iron on top of wooden rails as an economy measure but gave up this method of construction after the iron came loose, began to curl, and intruded into the floors of the coaches. The iron strap rail coming through the floors of the coaches came to be referred to as "snake heads" by early railroaders.
The Deeside Tramway in North Wales used this form of rail. It opened around 1870 and closed in 1947, with long sections still using these rails. It was one of the last uses of iron-topped wooden rails.
Rail classification (weight)
Rail is graded by its linear density, that is, its mass over a standard length. Heavier rail can support greater axle loads and higher train speeds without sustaining damage than lighter rail, but at a greater cost. In North America and the United Kingdom, rail is graded in pounds per yard (usually shown as pound or lb), so 130-pound rail would weigh . The usual range is . In Europe, rail is graded in kilograms per metre and the usual range is . The heaviest rail mass-produced was and was rolled for the Pennsylvania Railroad. The United Kingdom is in the process of transitioning from the imperial to metric rating of rail.
Rail lengths
The rails used in rail transport are produced in sections of fixed length. Rail lengths are made as long as possible, as the joints between rails are a source of weakness. Throughout the history of rail production, lengths have increased as manufacturing processes have improved.
Timeline
The following are lengths of single sections produced by steel mills, without any thermite welding. Shorter rails may be welded with flashbutt welding, but the following rail lengths are unwelded.
(1767) Richard Reynolds laid the first iron rails at Coalbrookdale.
(1825) Stockton and Darlington Railway
(1830) Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Fish-belly rails at , laid mostly on stone blocks
(1831) long and weighing , reached Philadelphia the first use of the flanged T rail in the United States
(1880) United States to suit gondola waggons
(1928) London, Midland and Scottish Railway
(1950) British Rail
(1900) – steel works weighing machine for rails (steelyard balance)
(1940s) – double 39 ft US
(1953) Australia
Welding of rails into longer lengths was first introduced around 1893, making train rides quieter and safer. With the introduction of thermite welding after 1899, the process became less labour-intensive, and ubiquitous.
(1895) Hans Goldschmidt developed exothermic welding
(1899) the Essen Tramway became the first railway to use thermite welding; also suited track circuits
(1904) George Pellissier welded the Holyoke Street Railway, first to use the process in the Americas
(1935) Charles Cadwell developed non-ferrous exothermic welding
(1950) welded – (4 x )
Modern production techniques allowed the production of longer unwelded segments.
(2011) Voestalpine,
(2011) Jindal
(2013) Tata Steel Europe
Multiples
Newer longer rails tend to be made as simple multiples of older shorter rails, so that old rails can be replaced without cutting. Some cutting would be needed as slightly longer rails are needed on the outside of sharp curves compared to the rails on the inside.
Boltholes
Rails can be supplied pre-drilled with boltholes for fishplates or without where they will be welded into place. There are usually two or three boltholes at each end.
Joining rails
Rails are produced in fixed lengths and need to be joined end-to-end to make a continuous surface on which trains may run. The traditional method of joining the rails is to bolt them together using metal fishplates (jointbars in the US), producing jointed track. For more modern usage, particularly where higher speeds are required, the lengths of rail may be welded together to form continuous welded rail (CWR).
Jointed track
Jointed track is made using lengths of rail, usually around long (in the UK) and long (in North America), bolted together using perforated steel plates known as fishplates (UK) or joint bars (North America).
Fishplates are usually long, used in pairs either side of the rail ends and bolted together (usually four, but sometimes six bolts per joint). The bolts have alternating orientations so that in the event of a derailment and a wheel flange striking the joint, only some of the bolts will be sheared, reducing the likelihood of the rails misaligning with each other and exacerbating the derailment. This technique is not applied universally; European practice being to have all the bolt heads on the same side of the rail.
Small gaps which function as expansion joints are deliberately left between the rail ends to allow for expansion of the rails in hot weather. European practice was to have the rail joints on both rails adjacent to each other, while North American practice is to stagger them. Because of these small gaps, when trains pass over jointed tracks they make a "clickety-clack" sound. Unless it is well-maintained, jointed track does not have the ride quality of welded rail and is less desirable for high speed trains. However, jointed track is still used in many countries on lower speed lines and sidings, and is used extensively in poorer countries due to the lower construction cost and the simpler equipment required for its installation and maintenance.
A major problem of jointed track is cracking around the bolt holes, which can lead to breaking of the rail head (the running surface). This was the cause of the Hither Green rail crash which caused British Railways to begin converting much of its track to continuous welded rail.
Insulated joints
Where track circuits exist for signalling purposes, insulated block joints are required. These compound the weaknesses of ordinary joints. Specially-made glued joints, where all the gaps are filled with epoxy resin, increase the strength again.
As an alternative to the insulated joint, audio frequency track circuits can be employed using a tuned loop formed in approximately of the rail as part of the blocking circuit. Some insulated joints are unavoidable within turnouts.
Another alternative is an axle counter, which can reduce the number of track circuits and thus the number of insulated rail joints required.
Continuous welded rail
Most modern railways use continuous welded rail (CWR), sometimes referred to as ribbon rails. In this form of track, the rails are welded together by utilising flash butt welding to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometres long. Because there are few joints, this form of track is very strong, gives a smooth ride, and needs less maintenance; trains can travel on it at higher speeds and with less friction. Welded rails are more expensive to lay than jointed tracks, but have much lower maintenance costs. The first welded track was used in Germany in 1924. and has become common on main lines since the 1950s.
The preferred process of flash butt welding involves an automated track-laying machine running a strong electric current through the touching ends of two unjoined rails. The ends become white hot due to electrical resistance and are then pressed together forming a strong weld. Thermite welding is used to repair or splice together existing CWR segments. This is a manual process requiring a reaction crucible and form to contain the molten iron.
North American practice is to weld segments of rail at a rail facility and load it on a special train to carry it to the job site. This train is designed to carry many segments of rail which are placed so they can slide off their racks to the rear of the train and be attached to the ties (sleepers) in a continuous operation.
If not restrained, rails would lengthen in hot weather and shrink in cold weather. To provide this restraint, the rail is prevented from moving in relation to the sleeper by use of clips or anchors. Attention needs to be paid to compacting the ballast effectively, including under, between, and at the ends of the sleepers, to prevent the sleepers from moving. Anchors are more common for wooden sleepers, whereas most concrete or steel sleepers are fastened to the rail by special clips that resist longitudinal movement of the rail. There is no theoretical limit to how long a welded rail can be. However, if longitudinal and lateral restraint are insufficient, the track could become distorted in hot weather and cause a derailment. Distortion due to heat expansion is known in North America as sun kink, and elsewhere as buckling. In extreme hot weather special inspections are required to monitor sections of track known to be problematic. In North American practice, extreme temperature conditions will trigger slow orders to allow for crews to react to buckling or "sun kinks" if encountered. The German railway company Deutsche Bahn is starting to paint rails white to lower the peak temperatures reached in summer days.
After new segments of rail are laid, or defective rails replaced (welded-in), the rails can be artificially stressed if the temperature of the rail during laying is cooler than what is desired. The stressing process involves either heating the rails, causing them to expand, or stretching the rails with hydraulic equipment. They are then fastened (clipped) to the sleepers in their expanded form. This process ensures that the rail will not expand much further in subsequent hot weather. In cold weather the rails try to contract, but because they are firmly fastened, cannot do so. In effect, stressed rails are a bit like a piece of stretched elastic firmly fastened down. In extremely cold weather, rails are heated to prevent "pull aparts".
CWR is laid (including fastening) at a temperature roughly midway between the extremes experienced at that location. (This is known as the "rail neutral temperature".) This installation procedure is intended to prevent tracks from buckling in summer heat or pulling apart in the winter cold. In North America, because broken rails are typically detected by interruption of the current in the signaling system, they are seen as less of a potential hazard than undetected heat kinks.
Joints are used in the continuous welded rail when necessary, usually for signal circuit gaps. Instead of a joint that passes straight across the rail, the two rail ends are sometimes cut at an angle to give a smoother transition. In extreme cases, such as at the end of long bridges, a breather switch (referred to in North America and Britain as an expansion joint) gives a smooth path for the wheels while allowing the end of one rail to expand relative to the next rail.
Sleepers
A sleeper (tie) is a rectangular object on which the rails are supported and fixed. The sleeper has two main roles: to transfer the loads from the rails to the track ballast and the ground underneath, and to hold the rails to the correct width apart (to maintain the rail gauge). They are generally laid transversely to the rails.
Fixing rails to sleepers
Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the sleeper. Historically, spikes gave way to cast iron chairs fixed to the sleeper. More recently, springs (such as Pandrol clips) are used to fix the rail to the sleeper chair.
Portable track
Sometimes rail tracks are designed to be portable and moved from one place to another as required. During construction of the Panama Canal, tracks were moved around excavation works. These track gauge were and the rolling stock full size. Portable tracks have often been used in open pit mines. In 1880 in New York City, sections of heavy portable track (along with much other improvised technology) helped in the epic move of the ancient obelisk in Central Park to its final location from the dock where it was unloaded from the cargo ship SS Dessoug.
Cane railways often had permanent tracks for the main lines, with portable tracks serving the canefields themselves. These tracks were narrow gauge (for example, ) and the portable track came in straights, curves, and turnouts, rather like on a model railway.
Decauville was a source of many portable light rail tracks, also used for military purposes.
The permanent way is so called because temporary way tracks were often used in the construction of that permanent way.
Layout
The geometry of the tracks is three-dimensional by nature, but the standards that express the speed limits and other regulations in the areas of track gauge, alignment, elevation, curvature and track surface are usually expressed in two separate layouts for horizontal and vertical.
Horizontal layout is the track layout on the horizontal plane. This involves the layout of three main track types: tangent track (straight line), curved track, and track transition curve (also called transition spiral or spiral) which connects between a tangent and a curved track.
Vertical layout is the track layout on the vertical plane including the concepts such as crosslevel, cant and gradient.
A sidetrack is a railroad track other than siding that is auxiliary to the main track. The word is also used as a verb (without object) to refer to the movement of trains and railcars from the main track to a siding, and in common parlance to refer to giving in to distractions apart from a main subject. Sidetracks are used by railroads to order and organise the flow of rail traffic.
Gauge
During the early days of rail, there was considerable variation in the gauge used by different systems, and in the UK during the railway building boom of the 1840s Brunel's broad gauge of was in competition with what was referred to at the time as the 'narrow' gauge of . Eventually the gauge won the battle, and became the standard gauge, with the term 'narrow gauge' henceforth used for gauges narrower than the new standard. , about 60% of the world's railways use a gauge of , known as standard or international gauge Gauges wider than standard gauge are called broad gauge; narrower, narrow gauge. Some stretches of track are dual gauge, with three (or sometimes four) parallel rails in place of the usual two, to allow trains of two different gauges to use the same track.
Gauge can safely vary over a range. For example, U.S. federal safety standards allow standard gauge to vary from to for operation up to .
Maintenance
Track needs regular maintenance to remain in good order, especially when high-speed trains are involved. Inadequate maintenance may lead to a "slow order" (North American terminology, or temporary speed restriction in the United Kingdom) being imposed to avoid accidents (see Slow zone). Track maintenance was at one time hard manual labour, requiring teams of labourers, or trackmen (US: gandy dancers; UK: platelayers; Australia: fettlers), who used lining bars to correct irregularities in horizontal alignment (line) of the track, and tamping and jacks to correct vertical irregularities (surface). Currently, maintenance is facilitated by a variety of specialised machines.
The surface of the head of each of the two rails can be maintained by using a railgrinder.
Common maintenance jobs include changing sleepers, lubricating and adjusting switches, tightening loose track components, and surfacing and lining track to keep straight sections straight and curves within maintenance limits. The process of sleeper and rail replacement can be automated by using a track renewal train.
Spraying ballast with herbicide to prevent weeds growing through and redistributing the ballast is typically done with a special weed killing train.
Over time, ballast is crushed or moved by the weight of trains passing over it, periodically requiring relevelling ("tamping") and eventually to be cleaned or replaced. If this is not done, the tracks may become uneven, causing swaying, rough riding and possibly derailments. An alternative to tamping is to lift the rails and sleepers and reinsert the ballast beneath. For this, specialist "stoneblower" trains are used.
Rail inspections utilize nondestructive testing methods to detect internal flaws in the rails. This is done by using specially equipped HiRail trucks, inspection cars, or in some cases, handheld inspection devices.
Rails must be replaced before the railhead profile wears to a degree that may trigger a derailment. Worn mainline rails usually have sufficient life remaining to be used on a branch line, siding or stub afterwards and are "cascaded" to those applications.
The environmental conditions along railroad track create a unique railway ecosystem. This is particularly so in the United Kingdom, where steam locomotives are only used on special services and vegetation has not been trimmed back so thoroughly. This creates a fire risk in prolonged dry weather.
In the UK, the cess is used by track repair crews to walk to a work site, and as a safe place to stand when a train is passing. This helps when doing minor work, while needing to keep trains running, by not needing a Hi-railer or transport vehicle blocking the line to transport crew to get to the site.
Bed and foundation
Railway tracks are generally laid on a bed of stone track ballast or track bed, which in turn is supported by prepared earthworks known as the track formation. The formation comprises the subgrade and a layer of sand or stone dust (often sandwiched in impervious plastic), known as the blanket, which restricts the upward migration of wet clay or silt. There may also be layers of waterproof fabric to prevent water penetrating to the subgrade. The track and ballast form the permanent way. The foundation may refer to the ballast and formation, i.e. all man-made structures below the tracks.
Some railroads are using asphalt pavement below the ballast in order to keep dirt and moisture from moving into the ballast and spoiling it. The fresh asphalt also serves to stabilize the ballast so it does not move around so easily.
Additional measures are required where the track is laid over permafrost, such as on the Qingzang Railway in Tibet. For example, transverse pipes through the subgrade allow cold air to penetrate the formation and prevent that subgrade from melting.
Geosynthetic reinforcement
Geosynthetics are used to reduce or replace traditional layers in trackbed construction and rehabilitation worldwide to improve track support and reduce track maintenance costs. Reinforcement geosynthetics, such as geocells (which rely on 3D soil confinement mechanisms) have demonstrated efficacy in stabilizing soft subgrade soils and reinforcing substructural layers to limit progressive track degradation. Reinforcement geosynthetics increase soil bearing capacity, limit ballast movement and degradation and reduce differential settlement that affects track geometry. They also reduce construction time and cost, while reducing environmental impact and carbon footprint. The increased use of geosynthetic reinforcement solutions is supported by new high-performance geocell materials (e.g., NPA - Novel Polymeric Alloy), published research, case studies projects and international standards (ISO, ASTM, CROW/SBRCURnet)
The hybrid use of high-performance geogrids at the subgrade and high-performance geocell in the upper subbase/subballast layer has been shown to increase the reinforcement factor greater than their separate sums, and is particularly effective in attenuating heaving of expansive subgrade clay soils. A field test project on Amtrak's NE Corridor suffering clay mud-pumping demonstrated how the hybrid solution improved track quality index (TQI) significantly reduced track geometry degradation and lowered track surface maintenance by factor of 6.7x utilizing high-performance NPA geocell. Geosynthetic reinforcement is also used to stabilize railway embankments, which must be robust enough to withstand repeated cyclical loading. Geocells can utilize recycled marginal or poorly graded granular material to create stable embankments, make railway construction more economical and sustainable.
Buses
Some buses can use tracks. This concept came out of Germany and was called . The first such track, the O-Bahn Busway, was built in Adelaide, Australia.
See also
Degree of curvature
Difference between train and tram rails
Exothermic welding
Gauntlet track
Glossary of rail terminology (including US/UK and other regional/national differences)
Maglev
Minimum railway curve radius
Monorail
Permanent way (history)
Rack railway
Rail profile
Roll way, part of the track of a rubber-tyred metro
Rubber-tyred metro
Street running
Subgrade
Tie plate
TGV track construction
Tramway (industrial)
Tramway track
References
Bibliography
Pike, J., (2001), Track, Sutton Publishing,
Firuziaan, M. and Estorff, O., (2002), Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Bedding-Foundation-Soil in the Time Domain, Springer Verlag.
External links
Table of North American tee rail (flat bottom) sections
ThyssenKrupp handbook, Vignoles rail
ThyssenKrupp handbook, Light Vignoles rail
Track Details in photographs
"Drawing of England Track Laying in Sections at 200 yards an hour" Popular Mechanics, December 1930
illustrated description of the construction and maintenance of the railway
Railway technical
Railway track layouts
Structural steel
Rail infrastructure
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Directorate of Security and Presidential Protection
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The Directorate General of Security and Presidential Protection (DGSPP) is a close protection unit, administratively attached to the Algerian Republican Guard. It is responsible for the personal and immediate protection of the President of the Algerian Republic and his family.
History
Historically, the Directorate General of Presidential Security and Protection (DGSPP) was a security service attached to the Department of Intelligence and Security (DRS).
In December 1994, four armed GIA terrorists masquerading as DGSPP agents boarded Air France Flight 8969 to hijack it.
Since 2015, the Directorate General of Security and Presidential Protection (DGSPP) has been attached to the Algerian Republican Guard by decision of the President of the Republic.
The DGSPP is made up of seasoned members of the Special Intervention Group (GIS), which is considered an elite response and protection unit.
Mission
The DGSPP's mission is :
To ensure the personal and immediate protection of the President of the Republic, his family, certain personalities (former presidents, certain presidential advisers, foreign personalities visiting Algeria) as well as their official residences. This last mission is shared with different entities.
To implement all the measures necessary for the material organisation and security of the President of the Republic's travels.
Organization
DGSPP has several units that each have their own specialties and can work as much together as alone.
DGSPP has :
Traffic Unit (which takes care of predefining main and emergency routes, which takes care of urban traffic...)
Close Protection Unit (which is placed in the centre of the system, escorts the President on foot and by car and intervenes directly in the event of an incident)
Tactical Response Unit (emergency response to serious incidents, uniformed)
Support Unit (which supports protection and intervention units, including snipers, plainclothes officers, and "back up" agents)
Extraction Unit (which evacuates the President out of the area in the event of a serious incident)
Protection and Surveillance Unit (which is responsible for the protection of El Mouradia Palace, as well as the President's personal residence, and all places where the President is present. They work jointly with the Guard and Protection Units of the Republican Guard and the police or gendarmerie).
Reconnaissance units (are responsible for checking and securing areas where the president will be present both on the national territory and abroad, they work jointly with the Algerian police and gendarmerie and with local police units if they are abroad)
Logistics Unit (responsible for providing the equipment as well as specialized equipment required for the mission)
Equipment
The main weapons in staffing in the service are:
Glock 17
Smith & Wesson M&P
SIG-Sauer P228
Beretta 92
Machine pistols
HK MP5
HK MP7
Beretta M12
Assault rifles
AKMS
HK G36
ARX 160
Others
Grenades (flash, deafening...)
Smoke grenades
Kevkar protective case
Kevlar protective umbrella
Uniform
For close protection teams:
Suit
Communication headset
Protective goggles
Bullet-proof vest
For Tactical Response and Support Units:
Black jumpsuit
Rangers
Hood
Bullet-proof vest
Tactical vest
Plate carrier vest
Rangers
Gloves
Elbow and knee pads
Communication Headset
Vehicles
Among the vehicles used, some are equipped with a jamming system and others are armoured.
Command
Major General Djamel Kehal Medjdoub (2005-2015)
General Nacer Habchi (2015-2020)
General Belkacem Laribi (since 2020)
References
Military of Algeria
Protective security units
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Richmond Virginians
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The Richmond Virginians was the name of a minor league baseball franchise that played in Richmond, Virginia, from 1954 through 1964. The team competed at the Triple-A level as members of the International League, and were affiliated with the New York Yankees for nine of their 11 seasons.
History
The minor-league Virginians were the transplanted version of the International League edition of the Baltimore Orioles, who were uprooted from their Maryland home when the St. Louis Browns of Major League Baseball transferred there for the 1954 season. (The 1954 transfer was the second time the Orioles had moved to the Virginia capital. The Orioles played there during 1915–1917 when the Federal League, the outlaw "third major league", chased them temporarily from Baltimore.)
The Virginians were unaffiliated with a major league farm system during 1954 and 1955, and—despite being managed by a Hall of Famer, Luke Appling—they wallowed at the bottom of league standings. The team's fortunes improved in 1956, when it affiliated with the New York Yankees. The Virginians, the Yankees' sole Triple-A farm club after 1958, sent several key players (including Tom Tresh, Al Downing and Joe Pepitone) to the major league team, but the club's attendance figures were usually in the bottom tier of the league.
At one point, the Virginians were the only minor league affiliate of the Yankees allowed to keep their nickname instead of adopting the Yankees name. For instance, the Columbus Confederate Yankees, based in Columbus, Georgia, were forced to adopt the "Yankees" name, but made use of the Confederate flag on its uniforms.
After the 1964 season, the Virginians were transferred to Toledo, Ohio, and were renamed as the Toledo Mud Hens.
Richmond was without baseball in 1965, but gained its longtime IL franchise, the Richmond Braves, when the Atlanta Crackers transferred there the following season. After 43 seasons in Richmond, the club moved to Gwinnett County, Georgia, for the 2009 campaign. In 2010, Virginia's capital joined the Double-A Eastern League with the creation of the Richmond Flying Squirrels—formerly the Connecticut Defenders of Norwich, Connecticut—an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants.
References
Further reading
Lloyd Johnson and Miles Wolff, editors. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 1997 edition. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America.
Baseball teams established in 1954
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1964
Defunct International League teams
Baseball in Richmond, Virginia
Defunct baseball teams in Virginia
New York Yankees minor league affiliates
1954 establishments in Virginia
1964 disestablishments in Virginia
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Bill Scherrer
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William Joseph Scherrer (born January 20, 1958), is a former professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues primarily as a relief pitcher from 1982–1988. He was born in the Town of Tonawanda, New York, and graduated from Cardinal O'Hara High School there in 1976. After retirement, he moved to Grand Island, New York.
In 1984, Scherrer won his first World Series Championship as a player with the Detroit Tigers.
In 1997, he won his second World Series Championship as a scout for the Florida Marlins.
And in 2005, Scherrer won his third World Series Championship as a scout and special assistant to the general manager, Kenny Williams, for the Chicago White Sox.
On October 26, 2006, Scherrer was inducted into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame. Other inductees included fan favorites Bill Hurley, Bruce Smith, and Dave Andreychuk.
References
External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
1958 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from New York (state)
Chicago White Sox scouts
Cincinnati Reds players
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Detroit Tigers players
Eugene Emeralds players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Maine Phillies players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Miami Marlins scouts
Nashville Sounds players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
People from Tonawanda, New York
Sportspeople from Erie County, New York
Philadelphia Phillies players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Rochester Red Wings players
Shelby Reds players
Tampa Tarpons (1957–1987) players
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players
Tidewater Tides players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Waterbury Reds players
Wichita Aeros players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Guinea-Bissau%20coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat
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2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état
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On 12 April 2012, a coup d'état in Guinea-Bissau was staged by elements of the armed forces about two weeks before the second round of a presidential election between Carlos Gomes Júnior and Kumba Ialá. The coup started in the evening with military personnel and equipment making its way onto the streets, followed by the state-owned media being taken off-air.
Both second-round candidates and the incumbent president were initially arrested by the junta. Members of the Military Council, which ran the country until an interim National Transitional Council was established on 15 April, said that one of the reasons for the coup was the incumbent civilian administration's call for Angolan help to reform the military. Following international condemnation and sanctions against leaders of the junta, an agreement was signed that led to the third place candidate in the election, Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo, being selected as interim president. The presidential election was aborted and postponed for at least two years into the future. An interim government was tasked with administering Guinea-Bissau in the meantime.
Background
The media and international think-tanks have highlighted the country's instability and labelled it a narcostate. The country has frequently featured military involvement in civil administration since independence from Portugal in 1974. As such, the events leading up to the 2012 coup include military unrest in 2010 and a failed coup attempt in 2011. The latter followed infighting between the country's Navy and the Army. Guinea-Bissau's instability is also exacerbated as a transit point for drug shipments from Latin America to Europe and there are allegations that government ministers and military personnel are bribed to keep silent.
Following the death of President Malam Bacai Sanhá on 9 January 2012, a new election was scheduled to be held within 90 days in accordance with the constitution. Despite a peaceful campaign, there were external fears of possible violence or a coup d'état if the army did not approve of the winner. In this regard, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called for a "peaceful, orderly and transparent" election. Just before the attack, presidential candidate Kumba Ialá, who claimed to have ties with members of his Balanta ethnic group, who are the largest ethnicity in the military, warned of "consequences" if there was campaigning for the second round of the election due to his allegations of fraud in the first round that were unanswered. The first round result was rejected by five of the nine candidates. Campaigning was due to start on 13 April for the second round, until its disruption as a result of the coup d'état.
Days before the coup, fellow Lusophone country Angola announced its forces would be ending the two-year-old Angolan Military Mission in Guinea Bissau (MISSANG) that followed a similar failed effort by the European Union as part of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS). State-owned Angolan news agency ANGOP said that the Angolan troops were sent to Guinea-Bissau in March 2011 in accordance with a bilateral military agreement to reform the armed forces. On 16 April, Guinea-Bissau Defense Minister Jorge Tolentino Araújo was scheduled to arrive in Angola to meet his counterpart Cândido Pereira dos Santos Van-Dúnem and the Army Chief-of-Staff Geraldo Sachipengo Nunda. He was also expected to visit the Higher Warfare School (ESG) and the Higher Technical Military Institute (ISTM). The same day as the coup, the two Lusophone countries of Angola and Cape Verde agreed to review their defense cooperation agreements. Presidential candidate and former Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior was also unpopular with the army for his attempts to reform the institution.
Rationale
According to Portugal's SIC Notícias, a day before the coup an unidentified military commander claimed Gomes Júnior would allow Angolan troops into the country. He also claimed that soldiers possessed a "secret document" that allowed the Guinea-Bissau government to sanction an Angolan attack on Guinea-Bissau's military. The leaders of the junta released an unsigned communique that read they "did not have ambitions of power" and that the coup was a reaction to the alleged agreement with Angola because the 200 military trainers would "annihilate Guinea-Bissau's armed forces." The spokesman for the junta that took over after the coup, Lieutenant-Colonel Daha Bana na Walna later said that Gomes Júnior and Pereira were ousted because of "unease" in the armed forces over the election, a sentiment echoed by diplomats. Gomes Junior was also viewed as the "candidate of Angola" in the election, according to Chatham House's Africa director Alex Vines. He also said that the months leading up to the events featured media commentary and hostility towards Angola.
Coup d'etat
On 12 April, gunfire was heard between 19:00 and 21:00, as mutinous troops attempted to overthrow the government by seizing control of the centre of the capital Bissau. Initial reports by diplomats in the country said presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Júnior and interim President Raimundo Pereira were missing. The mutineers seized control of the offices of the incumbent African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) and radio stations. They also fought police officers loyal to the government, forcing them to retreat after coming under fire from RPGs. The soldiers blocked the roads into and out of the capital city and the national radio and television was taken off-air at 20:00.
The perpetrators of the coup targeted Gomes Júnior's residence, which was attacked by grenades and surrounded by troops, as gunfire was heard nearby. Journalists were also prevented from approaching the scene. Camilo Lima da Costa, the son of the head of the national election commission Desejado Lima da Costa, told RDP África, one of the radio stations still broadcasting, that the soldiers had looted his father's house but that both his parents were safe. Soldiers ransacked and looted other houses they raided as well. Soldiers also sealed off the embassies to prevent members of the government from fleeing and hiding with foreign diplomats. Several unnamed politicians were arrested during the night by the army.
Peter Thompson, the head of the U.K. Electoral Observation Mission in the country for the election, described the situation on the night of the coup as "a very large presence of the military in the streets. It did seem quite coordinated last night in terms of how the roads were shut off...Today the streets are very calm, the city is much quieter than it normally would be. People are staying home. I do know that the army has taken control of the state media and state television, and they haven't released anything official." There was speculation on Senegal's RFM radio by reporter Noah Mankali that Gomes Júnior had been assassinated by the army during the night by soldiers from the same Balanta ethnic group as Ialá Embaló.
An unnamed number of government ministers, as well as the Director General of the Judicial Police João Biague, were in hiding. Interior Minister Fernando Gomes, who may have been in the custody of the mutinous soldiers, said he "feared for his life." On 14 April, Lusa journalist Antonio Aly Silva told the outlet that he had been arrested for a short while, but was later released at the same time as singer Dulce Neves and many of Gomes Junior's bodyguards. Senegal closed its land border with Guinea-Bissau on 13 April.
People began to venture out of their homes at dawn and there appeared to be little to no presence of soldiers on the streets and no messages over radio or television from either the government or the coup leaders. There was an "unusual" quiet in Bissau, although photographs showed a big hole in Gomes Júnior's residence as a result of the attack. Soldiers were seen standing guard outside radio and television stations, including the state-run television office, and the presidential offices in Bissau. An overnight curfew was imposed the following day with orders for the members of the civilian government to turn themselves over to the army. Private radio stations were also shut. On 14 April, some businesses started to reopen but they closed early in accordance with the curfew.
Aftermath and National Unity Government
The coup leaders formed the "Military Command" under the leadership of the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces General Mamadu Ture Kuruma. The next day, they put forth conditions for a national unity government after having announced the ouster of Gomes Júnior. Its goals were: the removal of obstacles to reforming the security sector; fighting drug trafficking and consumption; overcoming a culture of impunity; and the continuation of enhancing the democratic process.
Interim President Raimundo Pereira and the Chief-of-Staff of the Armed Forces General Antonio Indjai were "under the control of the army," however there were rumours circulating that Indjai could be hiding and that soldiers were going to every embassy looking for him. Indjai's spokesman Daba Naualna said that Periera and Gomes Júnior were "well and alive" and added that "the [army chief-of-staff] thinks, for the sake of the country, that power cannot fall into the streets and decided to have [the military] play its part in seeking solutions with the political class to resolve this crisis." The Military Command later announced that they were also holding Ialá Embaló. The detained officials were later released. The UN later reported that the head of the Supreme Court and the Election Commission were also in hiding, along with three unnamed cabinet ministers.
Senior officers of the army also met the leaders of the political parties and called on them to form the transitional government, but added that the army would control the defence and interior ministries. The meeting was also attended by: Indjai, who was later arrested; the deputy chief-of-staff General Mamadu Ture Kuruma; the heads of the army, air force and navy; the army's spokesman Lieutenant-Colonel Daha Bana na Walna and four colonels. However, there was no one from the incumbent PAIGC. Consultations with 23 parliamentary and extra-parliamentary parties discussed issues such as: a transitional government including, an interim president and head of the National Assembly, as well as a PAIGC-nominated prime minister other than the incumbent and a government of national unity inclusive of all parties; and the dissolution of the National Assembly with a government led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) under interim leadership.
The five leading opposition candidates (Mohamed Ialá Embaló, Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo, Henrique Rosa, Baciro Djá, and Vicente Fernandes) announced at a joint news conference that the boycott of the second round of the election would be in the name of "justice." Agnela Regalla of Union for Change, who also attended the meeting, said that "the military chiefs suggested the idea of new presidential and legislative elections." The spokesman for the coalition of opposition parties, Fernando Vaz, said that discussion continued for a third day and that the grouping had invited PAIGC to participate. After the meeting the coalition agreed upon a set of proposals to put forward to the Military Command for a transitional unity government.
There were some small protests supporting Gomes Júnior in downtown Bissau, although, according to Peter Thompson, soldiers arrested several of the protesters and put roadblocks on the streets. PAIGC, commenting on the transitional government, said that it "rejects any anti-constitutional or anti-democratic proposal of a solution to the crisis," while also calling for the release of those detained. Tensions mounted within PAIGC between factions supporting Gomes Júnior and Nhamadjo. On 15 April, a demonstration of about 30 people at the National Assembly, where talks on a transition government were ongoing, was dispersed by soldiers. The National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau, which has a membership of about 8,000 mostly civil servants, called for a general strike the next day.
On 16 April, an agreement, which intentionally excluded PAIGC, was reached with 22 of the 35 opposition parties to set up a National Transitional Council. According to Vaz, the size, composition and mandate period would be determined the following day and then discussed with the Military Command. He also said that existing institutions would be dissolved and that two committees would run the country, one would manage foreign affairs and the other would handle social affairs. The former committee was due to meet the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) the following day. The transitional civilian government will rule up to two years before new elections will be held. National Assembly speaker Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo, who had previously rejected the office of interim president in April 2012, was again selected as interim president on 11 May 2012. Sory Djaló was the speaker of the NTC.
Reactions
Domestic
At an ECOWAS summit in Ivory Coast convened to discuss the Malian crisis, Foreign Minister Mamadu Saliu Djaló Pires, upon learning of the events unfolding in his country, called for international support as "the situation is serious. The soldiers are occupying the streets. I spoke to the interim Prime Minister [Adiato Djaló Nandigna] and she said she was under fire" and added that the international community should have an "energetic reaction" to the coup. Pires also dismissed claims that Indjai was arrested suggesting that he was, in fact, a part of it (he was also involved in the 2010 military unrest before being appointed chief-of-staff).
International
Supranational
During the early hours of the event, the Foreign Minister of Ivory Coast (the host country of ECOWAS) Daniel Kablan Duncan said that the "information indicates to us that there is a coup underway. ECOWAS formally and rigorously condemns such an attempted coup d'etat," he added that "it's sad that after the example of Senegal, where the elections finished so well, that we have, after Mali, a new forceful intervention in Guinea-Bissau. What I can say at this moment is that...the situation won't be accepted by ECOWAS." ECOWAS Commission President Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo issued a statement that read: "The commission firmly denounces this latest incursion by the military into politics and unreservedly condemns the irresponsible act, which has once more demonstrated their penchant to maintain Guinea-Bissau as a failed state." ECOWAS later decided to send a contingent of military personnel in order to provide security. The delegation, which would also include civilians, would be led by Guinean President Alpha Condé. ECOWAS also said the election runoff should go ahead. ECOWAS constitutes a contact group, chaired by Nigeria and comprising delegations from Benin, Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Senegal and Togo, to coordinate its efforts at resolving the crisis. ECOWAS also had a standby force to fill a vacuum that could be left by the departing MISSANG force, as well as considering International Criminal Court recommendations.
The United Nations Security Council (which included the former colonial mother country Portugal) unanimously condemned the coup with a resolution that stated "the forcible seizure of power from the legitimate government of Guinea-Bissau by some elements of its armed forces. [We] firmly denounce this incursion by the military into politics". The President of the UNSC, U.S. Ambassador Susan Rice, said "the [UN] Secretariat urged the international community to address the cycle of violence and impunity in Guinea-Bissau" and also called for "the immediate restoration of civilian authority...[We] note with profound regret that these events are occurring just prior to the launch of the campaign for the second round of the presidential election". Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said that he was "extremely concerned" about the arrests of the civilian leadership, while his spokesman Martin Nesirky said that Ki-Moon called for the mutineers "to immediately and unconditionally release all detainees and ensure the safety and security of the general population." The UNSC unanimously voted to "restore constitutional order" in the country and approved Resolution 2048 with sanctions, including issuing travel bans on the diplomatic passports, on five members of the military junta on 18 May. The five members sanctioned were: General Antonio Indjai, Major General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, Inspector-General of the Armed Forces General Estêvão na Mena, Chief of Staff of the Air Force Brigadier General Ibraima Camara and MC spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Daha Bana na Walna. In December, the UNSC expressed concern over the transition process back towards civilian administration. The UN recommended steps to ensuring a "way forward" entailed: mediation between national actors, targeted sanctions on the perpetrators, the deployment of training and protections forces in accordance with the ECOWAS/CPLP road map or the recommendation of the incumbent prime minister and foreign minister for a peacekeeping force.
The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) called an extraordinary meeting to take place in Lisbon on 14 April. The meeting was to be attended by the foreign ministers of the member countries: Angola's Georges Rebelo Chicoti, Brazil's Antonio Patriota, Guinea-Bissau's Mamadou Djalo Pires, Mozambique's Oldemiro Julio Marques Baloi and Portugal's Paulo Portas. The CPLP also condemned the coup and exhorted the UN, African Union (AU) and ECOWAS to work towards restoring the "constitutional order" of Guinea-Bissau. They further called for a cessation of military actions that threatened the state or the "legality" of Guinea-Bissau. At the CPLP meet in Lisbon, Pires had said that the "persecution is continuing." The CPLP later issued a statement of condemnation and also called for a UN-authorised military intervention saying that it had "take[n] the initiative of...forming an interposition force in Guinea-Bissau, with a mandate defined by the United Nations Security Council" that would seek to maintain "constitutional order, protect civilians and the country's legitimate institutions." It added that it supported the Angolan presence in the country and the initiate would be carried out according to consultations with ECOWAS, the AU and the EU. Rifts developed between ECOWAS and CPLP over the resolution mechanisms. The former, supported by Nigeria, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso, advocated a year-long transitional process; while the later, supported by Portugal and Angola, advocated an immediate resumption of the election.
The African Union Commission's chairperson Jean Ping said that he condemned the "outrageous acts which undermine the efforts to stabilise the situation in Guinea-Bissau and tarnish the image of the country and Africa." In mid-May, Guinea-Bissau was suspended from the AU. A spokesman for the European Union's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton said that "the EU has already suspended most of its aid to Guinea-Bissau" and called on the Military Command to release the detained leaders and restore the "legitimate government." Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, the Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, called the coup a "heinous and unacceptable act", adding that it would hinder security and the democratic process as it had occurred weeks before the runoff. He also called for the detained politicians to be released. Meanwhile, on 24 April the African Union Peace and Security Council ministerial meeting met at its headquarters in Addis Ababa to discuss matters pertaining to resolving the crisis in the country.
States
Angolan Defense Minister Cândido Pereira dos Santos Van-Dúnem said that Angola will "continue to provide full support [to Guinea-Bissau because of] excellent ties," adding that the withdrawal date for the troops was being discussed. On 1 October, the UN Ambassador Ismael Abraao Gaspar Martins said that it was seeking a solution to "normalisation of constitutional order" through the work of the UNSC, AU, CPLP and ECOWAS.
Angola's Lusa reported that Portugal, the former coloniser, issued advisories to its citizens to stay in their homes It also rejected claims of an "untoward" attitude by Angola. A Foreign Ministry spokesman said that "the Portuguese government is appealing for a halt to the violence and respect for the law." Portas later called for the detained civilian leadership to be released. Defence Minister José Pedro Aguiar-Branco said that the Portuguese military was ready to evacuate its citizens. "It is our responsibility and our job to ensure adequate preparedness in the event that the evacuation be necessary." Portugal also issued a travel warning for its citizens. On 15 April, it was announced that two naval vessels and an aircraft were on their way to somewhere in West Africa ready for a possible evacuation of 4,000–5,000 Portuguese citizens. On 1 October, Portugal's UN Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral echoed the statement of Angola at the same meeting.
Fellow Lusophone countries Brazil and Timor Leste also reacted to the events, with Brazil's Ministry of External Relations expressing their "preoccupation" with the events and saying that it would call for an extraordinary meeting of the UNSC to discuss the issue. Timor Leste's President José Ramos-Horta said that "the situation in Guinea-Bissau, which I have followed over the years, is extraordinarily complex, dangerous, because it can degrade into more violence, and the country is not in a position to afford that new setback in the peace process and its democratisation." He also offered to mediate the crisis. His offer was accepted on 16 April.
Guinean Foreign Minister Edouard Niankoye Lama called for "restoration of peace and stability" and of "all democratic institutions," when speaking at the General debate of the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf also criticised the "unconstitutional unraveling, of democratic governments" at the UNGA. Namibian President Hifikepunye Pohamba said at the UNGA General debate that he denounced the "unconstitutional changes" and praised ECOWAS for its work in trying to resolve the issue. Nigeria also condemned the coup and President Goodluck Jonathan also told the UNGA General debate: "Guinea-Bissau is another flash point of instability in the sub-region in which Nigeria and ECOWAS are engaged. Indeed, the Contact Group, headed by Nigeria was set up by the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS to help establish a transitional government with a view to returning that country to political and constitutional order. In furtherance of this objective, Nigeria provided the sum of 10 million US dollars to the Interim Government in Guinea-Bissau to assist in the stabilisation of the country." Russia called for the restoration of the civilian government.
Canada condemned the coup; while the United States' White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said, "We call for the release of all government leaders and urge all parties to reconcile their differences through the democratic process." The United States' embassy issued a statement that read: "It is regrettable that elements of the Bissau-Guinean military have chosen to derail the democratic process in Guinea-Bissau." At a daily press briefing, the State Department spokesman Mark Toner called on all sides of the conflict to "put down their weapons, release government leaders immediately and restore legitimate civilian leadership," adding that it "appeared the junta had taken control of media outlets, as they were off-air and the headquarters of PAIGC and were trying to restrict movement" and that "we regret that they have chosen to disrupt the democratic process, which already was challenged by the opposition's call to boycott the second round of elections." The State Department also issued a travel warning to the country and called on its citizens already in the country "to shelter in place and avoid the downtown area of Bissau."
Subsequent non-political events
On 9 June, the last police and armed forces personnel of the MISSANG mission left the country. In late August, the Commissioner for Natural resources, Environment and Rural Development Ibraima Dieme announced the Union had approved a loan of 15 billion CFA francs to the country for security system reforms. However, the spokesman of the transitional government, Fernando Vaz, also announced that an agreement with Angola Bauxite to build a deepwater port so as to export bauxite would need to be renegotiated as "the agreement signed in 2007 by the government of Carlos Gomes Junior is not fair ... As a result, the terms of the agreement must be reviewed. The transitional government will not accept that Bissau receives 10 percent [of revenues] while Angola Bauxite takes 90 percent." The project, which had been inaugurated in July 2011, had previously stalled prior to the coup as a result of concern over political instability and an environmental impact study that had not yet been published despite passing the deadline. If completed the port at Buba would have a capacity to host three 70-tonne vessels at any given time, while the project as a whole would also lead to the creation of a three million tonne-a-year mine in Boe.
By the end of the year The New York Times reported an increase in drug trafficking in the country and thus calling the events "cocaine coup;" it also cited a U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration employee as saying the country is "probably the worst narco-state that's out there on the continent. [Guinea-Bissau is] a major problem [for the U.S.A.]. People at the highest levels of the military are involved in the facilitation [of trafficking]. In other African countries government officials are part of the problem. In Guinea-Bissau, it is the government itself that is the problem." A sentiment echoed by regional UN staff. The head of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime for West and Central Africa Pierre Lapaque also said: "There has clearly been an increase in Guinea-Bissau in the last several months. We are seeing more and more drugs regularly arriving in this country;" while the EU's ambassador to the country Joaquin Gonzalez-Ducay added: "As a country it is controlled by those who formed the coup d'état. They can do what they want to do. Now they have free rein."
Continued political instability
On 21 October, soldiers again attacked an army barracks in what The New York Times said was a coup attempt against the interim government. It also cited the arrest of an unnamed dissident army captain on 27 October as the organiser of the counter-coup attempt and reported that two other unnamed government critics were assaulted and left outside Bissau. Army Chief of Staff General Antonio Indjai laughed off questions that he was the power behind the throne and responded to the criticism in saying: "People say I'm a drug trafficker. Anybody who has the proof, present it! We ask the international community to give us the means to fight drugs." Gonzalez-Ducay then responded: "I can't believe that the one who controls the drug trafficking is going to fight the drug trafficking." The U.S. State Department's Foreign Service Officer for Guinea-Bissau Russell Hanks, who is not present in the country following the U.S. shutting its embassy during the Bissau-Guinean Civil War in 1998, said: "You will only have an impact on this transition by engagement, not by isolation. These are the people who came in to pick up the pieces after the coup." His staff pointed to photographs of newly created stretches of road in a remote rural area near the Senegal border that had space for small planes to land and they suggested was under the supervision of the armed forces. Chief of Guinea-Bissau's judicial police João Biague reported on a dubious aircraft landing months before the coup near Indjai's farm. He also added that "The traffickers know [our judicial authority] can't do much. The agents we have in the field want to give up because they have nothing to eat." Guinea-Bissau's former prosecutor general added: "A country that's not capable of discussing its own problems – it's not a country, it's not a state."
The leader of the coup attempt was Pansau Ntchama, a commando who was the ex-bodyguard of Guinea-Bissau's former army chief of staff. Fernando Vaz said of him: "He is a man with political ambitions living in Portugal. He appeared here in order to carry out this attempted coup ... He flew to Gambia, and then he went to Angola to pick up arms ... He has fled into the bush, but we are confident that we will catch him."
Resolution process
In response to the UNSC resolution for the restoration of civilian and constitutional rule, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Timor-Leste's José Ramos-Horta as his special representative to the country on 31 January 2013, replacing Rwanda's Joseph Mutaboba.
References
Military coups in Guinea-Bissau
2012 in Guinea-Bissau
Conflicts in 2012
2010s coups d'état and coup attempts
April 2012 events in Africa
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Keiko Miyagawa
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is a Japanese sailor. She and Sena Takano placed 20th in the 49erFX event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
References
1986 births
Living people
Japanese female sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Japan
Sailors at the 2016 Summer Olympics – 49er FX
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A Journey Through Time
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A Journey Through Time was a 2002 concert tour by Elton John.
This is the eleventh tour of Australia by Elton John. The tour completely sold out.
Tour dates
Setlist
Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding
Bennie and the Jets
Someone Saved My Life Tonight
The Ballad of the Boy in the Red Shoes
Philadelphia Freedom
The Wasteland
Rocket Man
I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues
Daniel
I Want Love
This Train Don't Stop There Anymore
Take Me to the Pilot
Sacrifice
Blue Eyes
Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word
Oh My Sweet Carolina
Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters
Holiday Inn
Tiny Dancer
Levon
Original Sin
I'm Still Standing
Crocodile Rock
Pinball Wizard
Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me
Your Song
Tour band
Elton John – piano, vocals
Nigel Olsson – drums, backing vocals
John Mahon – percussion, backing vocals
Davey Johnstone – guitars, mandolin, backing vocals
Bob Birch – bass, backing vocals
Guy Babylon – keyboards
References
External links
Information Site with Tour Dates
Elton John concert tours
2002 concert tours
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The Space Machine
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The Space Machine, subtitled A Scientific Romance, is a science fiction novel written by English writer Christopher Priest.
First published in 1976, it follows the travels of protagonists Edward Turnbull and Amelia Fitzgibbon. The pair are dropped on the surface of Mars (due to interference by Turnbull) prior to the Martian invasion of Earth that forms the storyline of H. G. Wells' 1898 novel The War of the Worlds. Edward and Amelia, who works for the inventor Sir William Reynolds, have used Reynolds's space and time machine to jump into the future at the onset of the Mars invasion. They find that, on Mars, humans have been turned into Martian slaves.
Setting
This novel effectively binds the storylines of the H.G. Wells novels The War of the Worlds (1898) and The Time Machine (1895) into the same reality. Action takes place both in Victorian England and on Mars, as the time machine displaces the duo through space (in addition to time).
Technology is shown to be roughly Victorian of nature, so as not to destroy the setting for War of the Worlds, but also shows some unpublished advancements of Sir William Reynolds (such as a form of bicycle that requires no input from the rider).
The names of the characters also suggest historical Britain. Both Edward's name and Fitzgibbon's refer to Edward Gibbon, the famous British historian and author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, while Turnbull is suggestive of, among others, the famous early British actor John Turnbull and, more generally, the Bulldog, which is popularly used to represent England and its defiance in war.
Publication history
The book was first published in 1976 by Faber and Faber Limited (). It was republished in paperback by Pan Books in 1981 () and by Gollancz's VGSF imprint in 1988 ().
Reception
Richard A. Lupoff described The Space Machine as "a completely new, gripping, and ingenious book," although he faulted the relatively slow pacing of its opening segment
The aggregate review journal Books & Authors quoted a reviewer, who observed that Priest
Awards
It won a Ditmar Award in 1977, winning the "International SF" category.
References
1976 British novels
Novels by Christopher Priest
English novels
1976 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
The Time Machine
War of the Worlds written fiction
Adaptations of works by H. G. Wells
Steampunk novels
Novels set on Mars
Faber and Faber books
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Portolá expedition
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The Portolá expedition was a Spanish voyage of exploration in 1769–1770 that was the first recorded European exploration of the interior of the present-day California. It was led by Gaspar de Portolá, governor of Las Californias, the Spanish colonial province that included California, Baja California, and other parts of present-day Mexico and the United States. The expedition led to the founding of Alta California and contributed to the solidification of Spanish territorial claims in the disputed and unexplored regions along the Pacific coast of North America.
Background
Although already inhabited by Native Americans, the territory that is now California was claimed by the Spanish Empire in 1542 by right of discovery when Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo explored the Pacific Coast. Cabrillo's exploration laid claim to the coastline as far north as forty-two degrees north latitude. This northern limit was later confirmed by the United States in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty.
A competing claim was established for England in 1579 by the privateer Francis Drake, who followed the trans-Pacific route from the Philippines established by the Manila Galleons and reached the California coast near Cape Mendocino, from which he then sailed south along the coast at least as far as Point Reyes. In 1596, a Portuguese captain sailing for Spain, Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho (Spanish: Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño) explored some of the same coastline, leaving a description of coastal features. The Portolà expedition carried a copy of Soromenho's writings to guide them along the coast.
Soromenho was followed in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno, whose coastal explorations in 1602 surveyed several California locations for future colonization, including San Diego, the California Channel Islands and Monterey. Vizcaíno sailed north from Mexico (as Cabrillo had done), a much more difficult undertaking because of the prevailing winds and ocean currents. After Vizcaíno, however, the Spanish Empire did little to protect or settle this region for the next 160 years, and accomplished almost no exploration by land. Affairs in Europe took precedence, keeping all of the maritime powers occupied. The little settlement that did occur included the establishment of several missions on the Baja California Peninsula by Spanish Jesuit missionaries.
Then, in 1767, Charles III of Spain expelled the Jesuit order from the Spanish kingdom. Gaspar de Portolà, a Catalan military officer and colonial administrator, was appointed governor of the new province of Las Californias and sent to dispossess the Jesuits and replace them with Franciscans, who would set up their own network of missions in the colony. Gaspar came from a military background and had served as a captain of the dragoons of the Regiment of Spain immediately before being appointed governor. When he first sailed to Baja California as the new governor he brought with him 25 dragoons and 25 infantrymen in order to help him with his expulsion of the Jesuits and, eventually, the further exploration of the rest of California. His military background would prove very helpful during the expedition.
Decision to send an expedition
By the late 1760s, the Spanish king and a handful of other European rulers began to realize the importance the Pacific coast of North America would have in maritime trade and activity. The Russians had been advancing south from their strongholds in present-day Alaska, and the British had been pushing west in Canada and were approaching the Pacific coast. In order to secure Spain's claims in California, Charles III wanted to explore and settle the coastline so that he could create a buffer zone to protect Spain's territories from the threat of invasion.
Upon hearing about the king's desire to explore Alta California, New Spain's visitador (inspector general) José de Gálvez organized an exploratory expedition and placed Governor Portolà in overall command. The plan called for a joint land-sea movement up the Pacific coast. The job of the ships was to keep the land contingent supplied with provisions and to carry communications between them and New Spain. Portolà decided to travel by land.
The expedition's original assignment was to travel to the "port of Monterey" described by Vizcaíno and establish a settlement there. After that, the explorers were to continue north to locate Soromenho's "Bay of San Francisco", chase away any Russians encountered, claim the area for Spain and determine whether the bay would make a good port.
Expedition
Baja California to San Diego
The first leg of the expedition consisted of five groups all departing from Baja California and heading north for San Diego. Three groups traveled by sea while two others traveled by land in mule trains. Three galleons, hastily built in San Blas, set sail for San Diego in early 1769: the San Carlos, captained by Vicente Vila, a lieutenant of the royal navy (whose diary survives); the San Antonio, captained by Juan Pérez, a native of Palma de Majorca; and the San José. All three ships, crossing the Gulf of California from San Blas, arrived leaking on the east coast of Baja, requiring repairs there.
Three groups by sea
On the shore of La Paz on January 9, 1769, friar Junípero Serra blessed the flagship San Carlos and its chaplain, friar Fernando Parrón. José de Gálvez, addressing the men waiting to board, declared their final destination as Monterey and their mission to plant the holy cross among the Indians. Friar Parrón boarded the San Carlos along with captain Vicente Vila, followed by lieutenant Pedro Fages with his 25 Catalan volunteers; cartographer Miguel Costansó, who made maps and drawings to describe the journey; surgeon Pedro Prat; and a crew of 23 sailors, plus two blacksmiths, two boys, four cooks, and mate Jorge Estoracea crew of 62 in all. Weighing anchor, the San Carlos headed south down the Gulf of California to round Cabo San Lucas and then head north along the Pacific coast.
On February 15, Gálvez dispatched the San Antonio, captained by Juan Pérez, from Cabo San Lucas; Franciscan friars Juan Vizcaíno and Francisco Gómez served as chaplains. With sailors plus cooks, carpenters and blacksmiths, the San Antonio carried a total of around 30 men. These ships left ahead of the land groups. The San Carlos and San Antonio were followed by an additional supply ship, the San José, which was named after the patron saint of the Portolà expedition, Saint Joseph. The San José never reached San Diego and was presumed lost at sea.
Two groups by land
Captain Fernando Rivera, moving north through Baja California, gathered horses and mules from the fragile chain of Catholic missions to supply his overland expedition. José de Gálvez had ordered Rivera to requisition horses and mules from the missions without endangering their survival and to give the friars receipts for the number of animals taken; those missions would later get restocked with animals brought over from the Mexican mainland. Friar Juan Crespí, selected as chaplain for the Rivera party and diarist for the Franciscan missionaries, traveled for 24 days from Mission La Purísima, approximately north to Velicatá, then the northern frontier of Spanish settlement in Baja California. There Crespí met up with the Rivera party, which set out from Velicatá on March 24. Their mule and horse train, tended by three muleteers, carried 25 leather-jacket soldiers and 42 Baja California Christian Indians (all men).
Portolà himself led the second land group, which set out from Loreto on March 9. Junípero Serra, assigned by José de Gálvez to head the Franciscan missionary team into Alta California, joined the Portolà party as chaplain and diarist. The 55-year-old Serra suffered a chronic infection of his left foot and leg, which Portolà believed had now become cancerous. He tried to dissuade Serra from joining the expedition, but Serra refused to withdraw; he told Portolà to go ahead, saying he would follow and meet up with Portolà on the frontier. Meanwhile, Serra assigned friar Miguel de la Campa from Mission San Ignacio to join the Portolà party. The party, driving a supply train and food animals, included 25 leather-jacket soldiers under sergeant José Francisco Ortega; muleteers; artisans; and 44 Christian Indians from Baja California, acting as servants and interpreters to communicate with Indians along the way. This group traveled slower than the Rivera party. Serra, trekking much of the way on a broken-down mule, finally caught up with Portolà, De la Campa and the other members of their party on May 5, just south of Velicatá. Following the trail blazed by the Rivera party, and less burdened by livestock, the Portolà party moved somewhat faster. Even so, they had an arduous trek over deserts and through ravines.
Arrival in San Diego
The ships arrived in San Diego first: the San Antonio on April 11 and the San Carlos on April 29, 1769. Many crew members on both ships had fallen illespecially from scurvyduring their voyages. On May 1, lieutenant Pedro Fages, engineer Miguel Costansó, and mate Jorge Estorace came ashore from their anchorage in San Diego Bay, along with 25 soldiers and sailors still healthy enough to work. Searching for a source of fresh water and helped by Indians they encountered, they found a suitable river about nine miles northeast. Moving their ships as close as possible, they set up a camp on the beach, surrounding it with an earthen parapet with two cannons mounted. From their ships' sails and awnings they made two large hospital tents, as well as tents for the officers and friars. Then they moved the sick men to shore and settled them into the camp. The number of men engaged in those arduous labors diminished daily due to illness. Nearly all medicines and stored food had been consumed on the long voyages. Doctor Pedro Prathimself weakened by scurvygathered medicinal herbs in the fields and desperately tried to cure the ill men. Heat scorched them by day, cold stung them by night. Two or three men died every day, until the combined sea expeditionwhich had started with over 90 menhad shrunk to eight soldiers and eight sailors.
Captain Rivera's column arrived on May 14, having trekked 300 miles (480 km) in 50 days from Velicatá without losing a single man or having a sick onealthough with their food rations drastically reduced. Rivera's men moved the camp slightly inland near the San Diego River, building the new camp on a hill now known as Old Town. They erected a stockade and mounted a cannon on land that later became the Presidio of San Diego.
The commanding officers prepared to dispatch the San Antonio back to Lower California New Spain, to report to viceroy de Croix and visitador Gálvez about the expedition. On July 1, just as the ship was about to sail, the Portolà/Serra party arrived in San Diego in good health, with 163 mules loaded with supplies. Desiring to push the sea expedition north to Montereyas Gálvez had instructedPortolá offered captain Vicente Vila of the San Carlos 16 of his own men to work the ship on its voyage to Monterey. But Vila had lost all his ship's officers, his boatswain, coxswain of the launch and storekeeperand none of the men offered by Portolà had experience as sailors. Vila refused to sail under such conditions. So Portolà decided to place all available sailors aboard the San Antonio, which set out for San Blas on July 9, with a very small crew. Carrying important letters from Serra, Portolà and others, the San Antonio reached San Blas in just three weeks. On that voyage, several more sailors died.
After the four groups had reunited in San Diego, friars Juan Vizcaíno and Fernando Parrón stayed there with Junípero Serra to head the new mission San Diego. Friars Juan Crespí and Francisco Gómez continued north with Portolà. Serra's group aimed to establish Catholic missions to convert the natives of Alta California to Christianity. Crespí was the only one who traveled with the land expedition throughout its travels, so he became the official diarist for the missionaries (Portolà and Costansó also kept diaries). The Franciscans ultimately founded twenty-one missions at or near the Pacific Coast of what is now the state of California, in addition to one mission in Baja California. The string of California missions began at San Diego.
San Diego to San Francisco, flummoxed at Monterey (1769)
After two weeks of recuperation, Portolà resumed the northward march to rediscover Vizcaíno's port of Monterey by land, with a party of 74 men: lieutenant Pedro Fages with his Catalan volunteers; leather-jacket soldiers; captain Fernando Rivera; sergeant José Francisco Ortega leading the scouts; engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó; Baja California Christian Indians; and friars Juan Crespí and Francisco Gómez; the Franciscan missionary college of San Fernando had appointed Crespí official diarist of the expedition. On July 14, 1769, after the friars held a Mass in honor of saint Josephpatron saint of the Portolá expeditionthe Portolá party pulled out of San Diego. Serra stayed behind, as did captain Vicente Vila and the few sailors who remained on the San Carlos. Serra founded mission San Diego in a humble building just two days after the expedition's departure. While Portolà moved north, more men died in San Diego: Eight soldiers, four sailors, eight Christian Indians, and one servant perished by the time the Portolà party returned six months later.
Earthquakes around future Los Angeles
On July 28, the Portolà party reached a major southern California river, which the soldiers called the Santa Ana River. That afternoon they felt a strong earthquake, with aftershocks jolting them over the next few days. On August 2 they traveled west out of San Gabriel Valley, through the hills to a river Crespí named El Río de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúnculasite of the future pueblo of Los Angeles. They continued moving northwest along a route that would become El Camino Real (royal path or road) in New Spain.
Monterey Bay hidden in plain sight
On September 30, as the party camped by a river just south of today's Salinas, scouts ranged west to the coast. They reached Monterey Bay but failed to recognize it as the port described by Vizcaíno 167 years earlier. The rest of the party reached Monterey Bay on October 1but still failed to recognize it as their destination, because it did not seem to match the grand scale described by Vizcaíno. Also, Portolà and his hungry men had hoped to find the supply ship San José waiting for them at anchor in their destination harbor of Monterey. They never saw the San José, apparently lost at sea.
Its morale waning, the party resumed its march on October 7, reaching the area of Espinosa Lake east of today's Castroville. By then, at least ten of the party were being carried on litters, due to the effects of scurvy.
Rounding San Francisco Bay
Portolà and his men continued north along the coast, hoping to find the great port they had now left behind. On October 30, they reached the headlands near today's Moss Beach. Looking into the Pacific Ocean, they could see the Farallon Islands due westand Drakes Bay curving broadly to Point Reyes across 40 miles (65 km) of open water to the northwest. Drake's Bay had been named the "port of San Francisco" by previous European explorers, while what is today known as "San Francisco Bay" was still undiscovered. The sight convinced some, but not all of them that they had indeed bypassed the port of Monterey.
Sergeant Ortega, contacting a group of Indians, thought they were trying to notify him of a ship anchored somewhere up north; for weeks, the men of the expedition had sought desperately for a harbor with a ship laden with food supplies. Heading a party of scouts up and over Montara Mountain, Ortega reached the area now known as Devil's Slide. They found their northward advance blocked by the mouth of a vast bay they could not identifyknown today as San Francisco Bay. Ortega and his scouts turned back south along the west shore of the bay, around the southern end and back up the east side. However, they only got as far as present-day Hayward before turning backbecause their allotted three days were up. When the scouts returned and described what they had seen, Portolà led the entire party up into the hills, to a place where the entire San Francisco Bay was visible. Only friar Crespí seemed to grasp the importance of the bay, describing it in his diary as "a very large and fine harbor, such that not only all the navy of our Most Catholic Majesty but those of all Europe could take shelter in it."
Return trip
On November 11, Portolà convened an officers' council, which agreed unanimously that 1) they must have passed Monterey, 2) it was time to turn around and retrace their steps back to San Diego, and 3) no one would be left behind hoping for a supply ship to arrive. The entire party headed back south.
On November 28, the party crossed the Monterey Peninsula south to Carmel Bay. A week later, while waiting for two Baja Christian Indians who got separated from Rivera's group, the expedition leaders discussed their next moves. They still did not believe they had found Vizcaíno's port of Monterey. On December 7, they decided to return to San Diego without waiting any longer for the missing men, or for a supply ship. On December 10, Portolà ordered his men to plant a large wooden cross where passing ships could see it, with a letter describing the expedition's travels buried at its foot. Crespí quoted part of the letter: "The cross was planted on a hill on the edge of the beach of the little bay which lies to the south of Point Pinos (pine-covered headland)."
Frustrated in their hunting and fishing efforts, men of the expedition had to eat seagulls and pelicans. On November 30, about a dozen Indians from the interiorapparently Rumsen peoplevisited, bringing pinole and seeds. The next day the party slaughtered a mule, but not everyone would eat it. The weather turned cold, and snow began to cover the hills.
The exhausted men reached San Diego on January 24, 1770 "smelling frightfully of mules", but warmly welcomed by their fellow soldiers and friars. Apart from five men who had apparently deserted, every member of the party had survived their six-month journey. They told of large numbers of friendly Indians who lived along the coast, waiting to receive the Catholic gospel. In total they had traveled around 1,200 miles (1,900 km) and become the first Europeans to survey San Francisco Bay and many other important strategic locations. Yet friar Junípero Serra, who welcomed them back to San Diego, felt dismayed and incredulous that they had not found Monterey Bay. "You come from Rome without having seen the pope", Serra told Portolà.
San Diego to Monterey (1770)
A second expedition to find Monterey Bay and establish a permanent settlement there took place in 1770. Portolà mustered a new overland party in San Diego, consisting of less than half the number of men he had taken on his first trip to find Monterey. The new party included Pedro Fages with twelve Catalan volunteers, seven leather-jacket soldiers, two muleteers, five Baja Christian Indians, Portolà's servant, and friar Crespí. Rivera had traveled back to Baja California to get supplies. On April 17, the Portolà party left San Diego. Following the same route they had taken the year before, they traveled five weeks with only two days of rest, arriving at Monterey Bay on May 24. They did not lose a single man or suffer any illnesses, except for an eye infection that afflicted Fages and Crespí.
That afternoon, Portolà, Crespí and a guard walked over the hills to Point Pinos on the northern tip of the Monterey peninsula, then just south to a hill by the beach where their party had planted a large cross the previous December. They found the cross surrounded by feathers and broken arrows driven into the ground, with fresh sardines and meat laid out before the cross. No Indians were in sight. In the bay waters, hundreds of seals and sea otters splashed and basked in the sun. Crespí wrote: "This is the port of Monterey without the slightest doubt." The three men then walked along the rocky coast south to Carmel Bay. Several Indians approached them, and the two groups exchanged gifts.
Meanwhile, on April 16, the San Antonio, captained by Juan Pérez, set sail from San Diego to Monterey. On board were friar Junípero Serra, cartographer Miguel Costansó, and doctor Pedro Pratalong with a stock of supplies for the new mission in Monterey. Buffeted by unfavorable winds, the San Antonio retreated back south to Baja California, then swung as far north as the Farallon Islands, 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Monterey. Several sailors fell sick with scurvy. The San Antonio finally sailed into Monterey Bay on May 31, welcomed by the Portolà party which had arrived a week earlier.
They returned to the wooden cross left on a hill the year before, and this time (perhaps on a clearer day) realized that the site did indeed overlook the place Vizcaíno had described. Portolà founded the Presidio of Monterey on that hill, and Serra founded the Mission San Carlos Borromeo (moved to Carmel the next year, a little ways to the south). On July 9, 1770, Portolà and Costansó boarded the San Antonio and sailed out of Monterey Bay, headed back to Baja California New Spain.
Interactions with Native Americans
For the most part, it was reported that interactions with Native American tribes in Alta California were peaceful without much conflict. Many were described as welcoming and helpful, as they offered guidance and supplies to the Spanish explorers. Friendly encounters with the native people had been a goal from the onset of the expedition, and the Spanish brought many items and trinkets with which they traded for supplies and used to create peaceful relations. They used valuable space to carry so many glass beads and other items, rather than food or more crucial supplies, in order to pacify the Native Americans, indicating that they were committed to creating peaceful relationships with the native people. The long-term goal was to create settlements, introduce farming, and convert the inhabitants to Christianity, so peaceful coexistence was important during the expedition.
Legacy
The Portolà expedition was the first land-based exploration by Europeans of what is now California. The expedition's most notable discovery was San Francisco Bay, but nearly every stop along the route was a first. It is also important in that it, along with the later de Anza expedition, established the overland route north to San Francisco which became the Camino Real. That route was integral to the settlement of Alta California by the Spanish Empire, and made it possible for the Franciscan friars to establish a string of twenty-one missions, which served as the nuclei of permanent settlements, established a cattle ranching economy and converted thousands of Native Americans to Christianity.
Three diaries written by members of the expedition survive, giving unusually complete insight into the daily movements and experiences: One by Portolà himself, a record by Miguel Costansó, and a diary by Juan Crespí which is the most complete and detailed of the three.
When Portolà returned to New Spain in 1770, Pedro Fages (now promoted to captain) was appointed lieutenant governor of Alta California, with headquarters at the Presidio of Monterey. Fages led further exploratory trips to the east side of San Francisco Bay, and left his own diaries.
California Historical Landmarks #2, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 92, 94, 375, 394, 655, 665, 727, 784, 1058, and 1059 are all related to the Portolá Expedition.
See also
Timeline of the Portolà expedition
The Californias
Alta California
Notes and references
Further reading
(The Diary of Miguel Costansó)
Culleton, James. Indians and Pioneers of Old Monterey. Academy of California Church History, 1950.
Williams, Jack S. and Davis, Thomas L. Sailors, Merchants, and Muleteers of the California Mission Frontier. Rosen Publishing Group, PowerKids Press, 2004.
Journal of Fray Juan Crespi kept during the same voyagedated 5th October, 1774. GEO. BUTLER GRIFFIN and Fray Juan Crespi. Publications of the Historical Society of Southern California , Vol. 2, No. 1, Documents from the Sutro Collection (1891)
External links
Diary of Gaspar de Portolá During the California Expedition of 1769–1770. Edited by Donald Eugene Smith and Frederick J. Teggart. University of California at Berkeley, 1909. Portolá's original diary in Spanish, alongside the English translation.
The Portolá Expedition of 1769–1770: Diary of Vicente Vila. Edited by Robert Selden Rose, University of California at Berkeley, 1911. Presents Vila's original diary in Spanish, alongside the English translation.
Diary of the Portolá Expedition, 1769–70, by Miguel Costansó (archived link). SCVHistory.com.
The Official Account of the Portolá Expedition of 1769–1770. Edited by Frederick J. Teggart, University of California at Berkeley, 1909. Spanish original alongside the English translation.
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Exploration of North America
New Spain
The Californias
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
History of San Diego
Pre-statehood history of California
Spanish missions in California
1769 in Alta California
1770 in Alta California
1769 in New Spain
1770 in New Spain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadia%20mark
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Stadia mark
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Stadia marks, also called stadia lines or stadia hairs, are crosshairs on the reticle of a theodolite or other surveying instrument that allow stadiametric rangefinding.
Etymology
The term stadia mark derives from the obsolete unit of distance, the stadion, derived from the Greek measurement of a stadium. Several different stadia were defined, such as the Greek stadion and Egyptian stadion.
Usage
A typical surveyor's instrument reticle has two pairs of stadia marks. One pair are on the horizontal centreline and the other on the vertical cross hair. Each functions in the same manner and are placed for measuring on either axis.
The stadia marks are set a specific length apart. This length is chosen so that there is a fixed, integer ratio between the difference of the rod readings and the distance from the telescope to the rod. This ratio is known as the stadia constant or stadia interval factor. Thus the formula for distance is
where
For example, a typical stadia mark pair are set so that the ratio is 100. If one observes a vertical length on a stadia rod, rule or levelling rod with the telescope and sees that the rod spans 0.500 m between the marks (the stadia interval), then the horizontal distance from the instrument to the rod is:
0.500m x 100 = 50 m.
In the adjacent image, the upper stadia mark is at 1.500 m and the lower at 1.345 m. The difference is 0.155 m. Thus the distance from the instrument to the levelling rod is:
0.155 x 100 = 15.5 m.
See also
Stadiametric rangefinding
Tacheometry
Theodolite
Dumpy level
Plane table
Levelling rod
References
Sources
Raymond Davis, Francis Foote, Joe Kelly, Surveying, Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966 LC 64-66263
Measuring instruments
Surveying
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai%20Huading%20Industrial
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Qinghai Huading Industrial
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Qinghai Huading Industrial Co., Ltd. known as Qinghai Huading or just QHHD, is a holding company established in 1998 and listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2000. As of 12 June 2015, the company has a market capitalization of 4.682 billion CNY and employs over 4,000 staffs. Through its various subsidiaries, the company is involved mainly in the manufacturing and distribution of machine tools, gearboxes, food machineries, elevator components and LED lightings.
Operations
The group's core business is the manufacturing of machine tools. As of 2012, Qinghai Huading is the domestic market leader in horizontal machine tools in terms of output volume and has over 90% domestic market share in rail road specific machine tools.
Subsidiaries and Affiliates
Qinghai Huading Heavy Machine Tools Company Limited. ()
QInghai Maoyuan Trading Company Limited. ()
Qinghai One Machine Numerical Control Machine Tool Company Limited. ()
Jiangyuan Precision Machinery Company Limited. ()
Guangdong Jingchuang Machinery Manufacturing Company Limited. ()
Guangzhou Hongli Machine Tools Company Limited. ()
Guangdong Henglian Food Machinery Company Limited. ()
Guangdong Zhonglong Communications Technology Limited. ()
Directors & Officers
Shiguang Yu - Chairman of the Board
Shanpeng Xiao - Chief Financial Officer
Yongjun Yang - General Manager, Director
Fubin Liu - Deputy General Manager
Dong Zhai - Deputy General Manager
Wenzhong Liu - Secretary of the Board, Deputy General Manager, Director
Yuenan Li - Staff Elected Director
Baoshan Ding - Independent Director
Yuanju Ma - Independent Director
Jianjun Wang - Independent Director
Yong Xu - Independent Director
Xuetong Yang - Independent Director
Officers and Directors data as of Feb 17 2013
External links
References
Holding companies of China
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Companies based in Xining
Conglomerate companies of China
Holding companies established in 1998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Tokyo%20Verdy%20season
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2015 Tokyo Verdy season
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2015 Tokyo Verdy season.
J2 League
References
External links
J.League official site
Tokyo Verdy
Tokyo Verdy seasons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20America%201996
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Miss America 1996
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Miss America 1996, the 69th Miss America pageant, was held at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey on Saturday, September 16, 1995, and was televised by the NBC Network.
Results
Placements
Order of announcements
Top 10
Top 5
Awards
Preliminary awards
Quality of Life awards
Non-finalist awards
Other awards
Delegates
Judges
Kristian Alfonso
Kylene Barker
Barbara De Angelis
Jerry Orbach
Bruce Jenner
Holly Robinson
Vera Wang
References
External links
Miss America official website
1996
1995 in the United States
1996 beauty pageants
1995 in New Jersey
September 1995 events in the United States
Events in Atlantic City, New Jersey
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5477078
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedotov
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Fedotov
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Fedotov (Федотов) or Fedotova (feminine) is a common Russian last name from the given name Fedot, borrowed from "given by God". Belarusian form is Фядотаў. It may refer to the following people:
Association football players
Denis Fedotov (born 1977)
Gleb Fedotov (born 1995)
Grigory Fedotov (1916-1957)
Renāte Fedotova (born 1996)
Semyon Fedotov (born 1992)
Sergei Fedotov (disambiguation), several people
Vitaliy Fedotov (born 1991)
Vladimir Fedotov, several people
Vladislav Fedotov (born 1997)
Yevgeni Fedotov (born 1976)
Others
Aleksandr Fedotov (1941–1995), Russian actor and dramatist
Aleksandr Vasilyevich Fedotov (1932–1984), Soviet test pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
Anastasia Fedotova (born 1998), Russian water polo player
Anatoli Fedotov (born 1966), Russian ice hockey player
Georgy Fedotov, Russian religious thinker, historian and publicist
Glikeriya Fedotova (1846-1925), Russian actress
Irina Fedotova (born 1975), Russian rower
Ivan Fedotov (born 1996), Russian ice hockey goaltender
Lyudmila Fedotova (born 1986), Kazakhstani skier
Maria Fedotova-Nulgynet (born 1946), Russian Evenk poet, children's writer, and storyteller
Nadezhda Glyzina-Fedotova (born 1988), Russian water polo player
Maxim Fedotov (born 1961), Russian violinist
Pavel Fedotov (1815–1852), Russian painter
Pyotr Fedotov (1900–1963), Soviet security and intelligence officer
Vasily Fedotov (1915–1997), major general of the Soviet Army
Yury Fedotov (1947–2022), Russian Ambassador to the United Kingdom
References
Russian-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbury%20Castle%2C%20County%20Kildare
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Carbury Castle, County Kildare
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Carbury Castle is a castle situated in the townland of Carbury, near the border between County Kildare and County Offaly.
Carbury Castle was built in the 13th century by Pierce St. Leger.
Name
Carbury is called after Cairbre, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages. The chieftain is supposed to have entertained St Patrick but instead of serving up a lamb or venison or other suitable roast, he served up a greyhound on a dish. This was done out of disrespect for the saint. The saint, however, before commencing dining, blessed the food and immediately the greyhound came back to life and walked off the table and out the door. Cairbre was reputedly married to Boinne, after whom the Boyne is called. The Boyne rises in the grounds of Newberry Hall, now owned by a Mr Robinson. Near the source of the Boyne is a Holy Well called Trinity Well, the water of which is supposed to cure Tooth Aches. The Berminghams occupied the Castle for 200(?) years after which it passed to the Colleys, ancestors of the Wellesleys.
History
The castle was first built by the Normans and the motte on the hill was probably built by Meiler FitzHenry. The central scenic focus of Carbury Hill is the ruins of the Tudor mansion of the Colleys, which was also known as Fairy Hill. who was granted the area by Strongbow. It was acquired by the de Berminghams in the 14th century, from whom it passed by inheritance to the Preston family, who held the title Baron Gormanston, before being taken by the native Irish in the 15th century. The 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, John Talbot, later also Earl of Wexford, Earl of Waterford and Baron of Dungarvan, rebuilt Carbury Castle sometime after 1429–1447.
From 23 October 1554 a 21-year lease was granted to Sir Henry Colley (the patrilineal ancestor of the Dukes of Wellington); this was renewed, and the Colley family built a large stronghouse on the hilltop in the 17th century, now a ruin.
References
Castles in County Kildare
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20D%C3%A9saulniers
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Roland Désaulniers
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Roland Désaulniers has been a local businessman and politician in Shawinigan, Quebec. He was the 18th Mayor of Shawinigan, Quebec from 1986 to 1994.
He successfully ran as Mayor of Shawinigan in 1986 and was re-elected in 1990.
He did not run for re-election in 1994.
Désaulniers, who is a federalist, took the stump in local rallies in 1995 to oppose the Quebec sovereignty movement. He has often been mentioned by the media as a potential Liberal candidate to the provincial legislature but has never thrown his hat in the ring so far.
He has also been chairman of the board of administrators for La Cité de l'Énergie, a theme park based on local industrial history with a observation tower.
Footnotes
See also
Canadian federalism
Mayors of Shawinigan
Mauricie
Shawinigan, Quebec
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mayors of Shawinigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Bowlan
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Jonathan Bowlan
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Jonathan Bowlan (born December 1, 1996) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Career
Bowlan attended Bartlett High School in Bartlett, Tennessee and played college baseball at the University of Memphis.
Bowlan was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the second round of the 2018 Major League Baseball draft. Bowlan made his professional debut with the rookie–level Idaho Falls Chukars, going 1–4 with a 6.94 ERA over 35 innings.
Bowlan started 2019 with the Single–A Lexington Legends and was promoted to the High–A Wilmington Blue Rocks during the season. Pitching for Wilmington in July, he threw a no-hitter against the Carolina Mudcats. Over 26 games (23 starts) between the two teams, Bowlan went 11–5 with a 3.14 ERA and 150 strikeouts over 146 innings. He did not play a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, Bowlan appeared in only four games in prior to undergoing Tommy John surgery in May.
On November 19, 2021, the Royals added Bowlan to their 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft. He split the 2022 season between the Double–A Northwest Arkansas Naturals, High–A Quad Cities River Bandits, and rookie–level Arizona Complex League Royals. In 17 total starts, he posted a combined 1–4 record and 5.92 ERA with 62 strikeouts in innings pitched.
Bowlan was optioned to Double-A Northwest Arkansas to begin the 2023 season. In 24 games (21 starts) split between Northwest Arkansas and the Triple–A Omaha Storm Chasers, he registered a cumulative 7–11 record and 5.91 ERA with 105 strikeouts in 102.0 innings of work. On September 19, 2023, Bowlan was promoted to the major leagues for the first time. He appeared in two games for the Royals, pitching three innings and registering a 3.00 ERA.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Arizona Complex League Royals players
Baseball players from Tennessee
Idaho Falls Chukars players
Kansas City Royals players
Lexington Legends players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Memphis Tigers baseball players
Northwest Arkansas Naturals players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
Quad Cities River Bandits players
Wilmington Blue Rocks players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasteroids
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Blasteroids
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Blasteroids is the third official sequel to the 1979 multidirectional shooter video game, Asteroids. It was developed by Atari Games and released in arcades in 1987. Unlike the previous games, Blasteroids uses raster graphics instead of vector graphics, and has power-ups and a boss.
Home computer ports of Blasteroids were released by Image Works for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MSX, MS-DOS, and ZX Spectrum. An emulated version of Blasteroids is an unlockable mini-game in Lego Dimensions.
Gameplay
The gameplay is basically the same as for the original. The player controls a spaceship viewed from "above" in a 2D representation of space, by rotating the ship, and using thrust to give the ship momentum. To slow down or completely stop moving, the player has to rotate the ship to face the direction it came from, and generate the right amount of thrust to nullify its momentum. The ship has a limited amount of fuel to generate thrust with. This fuel comes in the form of "Energy" that is also used for the ship's Shields which protect it against collisions and enemy fire. Once all Energy is gone, the player's ship is destroyed. The ship can shoot to destroy asteroids and enemy ships. The ship can also be transformed at will into 3 different versions: the Speeder with greatest speed, the Fighter with the most firepower, and the Warrior with extra armor.
Levels
At the start of the game, the player is in a screen with four warps indicating the game's difficulty: Easy, Medium, Hard, and Expert. Flying through any of the warps starts the game with that difficulty. Each has several galaxies, each with 9 or 16 sectors depending on difficulty. Once a sector is completed by destroying all the asteroids, an exit portal appears to lead the player to the galactic map screen. Similarly to the difficulty screen, the player can here choose which Sector to visit next. Completed and empty sectors can be revisited, but this costs energy. Sectors that are currently out of range are marked with a "?".
Each sector consists of only the visible screen with wraparound.
Objective
The object of the game is to destroy all the asteroids which have a set speed at which they fly through the sector. Asteroids come in varying sizes, and when shot, larger asteroids break into multiple smaller ones. Only shooting the smallest ones will actually remove them from the sector. Asteroids also come in different types. Normal asteroids don't contain anything, but red asteroids can contain power-ups in the form of Power Crystals that are released by completely destroying asteroids. Crystals decay over time. Popcorn Asteroids require several hits, which expands their size, and eventually makes them stop spinning. They can't be destroyed, but stopping them is enough to finish each sector. Egg asteroids contain leeches which home in on the user's ship and suck out its energy. They can be shot and destroyed. Finally there are Seeker asteroids which home in on the player's ship after being shot.
Besides asteroids, there are different enemy ships trying to shoot the player, which leave equipment in the form of power-ups when destroyed.
The ships can collect equipment:
Shields give limited amount of protection, indicated in HUD.
Blasters give the ship double shots.
Extra Shot Power allows shots to penetrate everything.
Ripstar causes the ship to spin furiously, firing in all directions.
Extra Fuel Capacity increases fuel capacity, indicated by the HUD. Depleting fuel reserves to critical with this increased capacity will revert the ship to normal fuel capacity.
Booster increases movement speed for all ship forms.
Crystal Magnet attracts loose Power Crystals to the ship.
Cloak makes the ship invisible to enemies.
Boss
Mukor is the alien boss, appearing after all sectors are cleared of asteroids. He will try to ram the player and will send miniature enemy ships to aid him. Mukor has tentacles which all must be shot multiple times to be destroyed. Once all tentacles are gone, Mukor is defeated and he will leave some special equipment. He will reappear in the next galaxy with a larger number of tentacles, making him harder to defeat. Mukor must be defeated in all galaxies to be fully conquered and for the player to win the game.
Multiplayer
A second player can join the game at any time by pressing the Fire button, using 1 credit and turning Blasteroids into a multiplayer game. Both players can cooperate by covering each other, as well as by docking their ships into the Starlet. Docking is possible if one ship is a Speeder, and the other is a Warrior; flying over each other will turn the Speeder into a stationary Turret with more firepower, on top of the Warrior, which turns into a Spiaret, with less firepower but full control. The ships undock when either player transforms their ship into something else again. The first player to exit through the Exit Portal gets a large bonus and control of the Galactic Map.
References
External links
Blasteroids at Arcade History
1987 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Arcade video games
Atari arcade games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
MSX games
Midway video games
Multidirectional shooters
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video game remakes
Video games scored by Ben Daglish
Video games scored by Brad Fuller
Video games developed in the United States
ZX Spectrum games
Image Works games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Mans%20Academy
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Le Mans Academy
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Founded in 1955 as Sacred Heart Military Academy in Watertown, WI, LeMans Academy was a private boarding middle school (grades 5-9) for boys located 90 minutes east of Chicago, Illinois, near La Porte, Indiana, on 700 acres (2.8 km²) of land. It was sponsored by the Brothers of Holy Cross from the University of Notre Dame.
History
Sacred Heart Military Academy (called SHMA by the students) operated in Watertown, Wisconsin, until the summer of 1968. After graduating its last class, the school was moved to Rolling Prairie, Indiana. The name was changed, in part, because the brothers in Watertown kept receiving applications from the parents of girls.
The last class consisted mostly of boys from the Milwaukee and Chicago areas with many from Mexico. Student activities included military drills, a rifle range, a large gym, soccer, track, baseball, and other sports. The school also had a slot car track and recreation room. The students wore military uniforms every day and a special dress uniform on Sunday. Boys held different ranks and received demerits for bad behavior. Demerits had to be worked off with calisthenics and stress positions like bending at the waist with hands clasped behind the head. Offenses like fighting earned the use of "the paddle". Students were required to learn Drill. Students were not allowed to carry money or to leave the campus. Students were allowed phone calls on a certain night of the week. Students were not allowed to go home for a few days on break, (Weekend Break) should they have too many Demerits. Students were required to stay in their rooms after 9:00 P.M. Students Study halls were held every evening but Sunday for two hours. Daily life was very regimented, classes were held Monday through Friday, as well as Saturday morning, and students had only about two hours to themselves every day. Brother John Driscoll was headmaster for many years and was later replaced by Brother Carroll Posey. On May 26, 1968, SHMA graduated its last class of 35 eighth grade students. About 700 people attended. In the summer of 1968, the school was moved to Indiana. SHMA had only grades 5-8. The Watertown campus is now Maranatha Baptist Bible College.
LeMans Academy
With its highest enrollment in years—more than 115 boarding students from across the U.S., Mexico, South Korea, and other nations—Le Mans Academy closed in the spring of 2003 because the Catholic religious order which founded and sponsored the school—the Brothers of Holy Cross, Midwest Province—needed to liquidate an available asset (the academy's campus was sold and its endowment claimed) to help meet the rising cost of health care for its aging population of religious Brothers. The first lay Headmaster in the academy's history—Mr. Steven Cash—was also the last Headmaster.
The campus was purchased by the Legionaries of Christ to open an apostolic school.
Notable alumni
Jesse Jackson, Jr.
John Paxson
References
Defunct United States military academies
Educational institutions established in 1955
Defunct schools in Indiana
Defunct schools in Wisconsin
1955 establishments in Wisconsin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison%20Bay
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Alison Bay
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Alison Bay () is a bay in Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland. The bay is a tributary bay of Melville Bay, and is located in the northern part of Upernavik Archipelago, between Kiatassuaq Island in the southwest and the mainland of Greenland in the northeast.
Geography
Alison bay is long. Part of the southern Melville Bay region, the bay is frozen for most of the year. In the northeast, it is bounded by the Wandel Land nunatak, culminating in an unnamed peak. Iterlassuaq, a small indentation of the bay separates Wandel Land in the north from Qaqqasungnarsuaq − another, smaller nunatak, culminating in an unnamed peak.
A small unnamed glacier tongue of Greenland ice sheet drains the latter into the innermost part of the bay, east of the opening of the Ikerasaa Strait. The strait flows west-south-westward between Kiatassuaq Island in the north, and Sanningassorsuaq Peninsula in the south. The entrance to the strait is split into two channels, with a small Milissua Island straddling the middle.
References
External links
1:1,000,000 scale Operational Navigation Chart, Sheet B-8
Melville Bay
Bays of the Upernavik Archipelago
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford%20Air%20Force%20Station
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Bedford Air Force Station
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Bedford Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located north of Bedford, Virginia. It was closed in 1975.
History
Bedford AFS was established by Air Defense Command in 1954 as part of a planned deployment of forty-four Phase I Mobile Radar stations. It was one of twenty-nine stations which were sited around the perimeter of the country to support the permanent ADC network of seventy-five stations. The deployment had been projected to be operational by mid-1952. Funding, constant site changes, construction, and equipment delivery delayed deployment
The 649th Airborne Control and Warning Squadron achieved beneficial occupancy by 1 December 1954. Operational status was achieved in 1956 with the activation of the AN/MPS-8 and AN/MPS-11 radars, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station. As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes.
By 1958 the AN/MPS-8 had been superseded by a pair of AN/FPS-6 height-finder radars. In 1959 an AN/FPS-20A search radar replaced the AN/MPS-11 set. During 1959 Bedford AFB joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, initially feeding data to DC-04 at Fort Lee AFS, Virginia. After joining, the squadron was re-designated as the 649th Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 1 October 1959. The radar squadron provided information 24/7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile.
In 1960 this site also began performing air traffic control duties for the FAA. In 1963 the search radar was upgraded and redesignated as an AN/FPS-67. On 31 July 1963, the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z-121.
Over the years, the equipment at the station was upgraded or modified to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the information gathered by the radars. The 649th was inactivated and the Air Force closed the facility on 30 June 1975. Afterward the FAA took over the facility, and today it is an active Joint Surveillance System (JSS) site, now operating an ARSR-3 Long Range Air Route Surveillance Radar. Most of the buildings on the site have been torn down, the housing and GATR site have been obliterated as well.
Air Force units and assignments
Units:
649th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, Assigned 1 December 1954
Activated as 649th Aircraft Control Squadron at Orlando AFB, Florida on 20 November 1948
Moved to Roslyn, New York ca. 1 April 1949
Inactivated 1 October 1949
Redesignated 649th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
Activated at Roslyn (later Roslyn AFS), NY, on 26 May 1953 (not manned or equipped)
Redesignated 649th Radar Squadron (SAGE), on 1 October 1959
Redesignated 649th Radar Squadron, on 1 February 1974
Inactivated on 30 June 1975
Assignments:
539th Aircraft Control & Warning Group, 20 November 1948
503rd Aircraft Control & Warning Group, ca. 1 Apr 1949 - 1 October 1949
26th Air Division, 26 May 1953
4710th Defense Wing, 1 May 1954
85th Air Division, 1 March 1956
Washington Air Defense Sector, 1 September 1958
33d Air Division, 1 April 1966
20th Air Division, 19 November 1969 – 30 June 1975
See also
List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations
References
Cornett, Lloyd H. and Johnson, Mildred W., A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980 , Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson AFB, CO (1980).
Winkler, David F. & Webster, Julie L., Searching the Skies, The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program, US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Champaign, IL (1997).
Information for Bedford AFS, VA
Installations of the United States Air Force in Virginia
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment sites
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
1954 establishments in Virginia
1975 disestablishments in Virginia
Military installations established in 1954
Military installations closed in 1975
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin%20Kattar
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Calvin Kattar
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Calvin Kattar (born March 26, 1988) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Featherweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2007, Kattar formerly competed for EliteXC. As of June 27, 2023, he is #7 in the UFC featherweight rankings.
Background
The son of James and Sandra Kattar, Calvin was born and raised in Methuen, Massachusetts. He has two brothers and a sister. After initiating in the sport in ninth grade, Kattar was a standout wrestler at Methuen High School, being ranked as high as eighth in the state (160 pounds) and placing fifth at the Division I MIAA state championships as a senior in 2006. After graduating, he was unsure whether he should wrestle in college or not, and ended up opting to pursue a career in mixed martial arts. He went on to earn an associate degree at Middlesex Community College. In an interview, Kattar expressed that he got a chance to train with Nick and Nate Diaz when he was 19 years old, and how that influenced his way of training, stating:
Mixed martial arts career
Kattar won eight consecutive bouts and was unbeaten in over seven years competing on the regional circuit primarily in his native New England prior to his UFC career.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Kattar made his UFC debut replacing Choi Doo-ho against Andre Fili on July 29, 2017 at UFC 214. Kattar won the fight by unanimous decision.
Kattar faced undefeated prospect Shane Burgos on January 20, 2018 at UFC 220. Kattar won the fight via technical knock out in round three. The fight was awarded the Fight of the Night bonus.
Kattar faced Renato Moicano on April 7, 2018 at UFC 223. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.
Kattar faced promotional newcomer Chris Fishgold on October 27, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 138. He won the fight via technical knockout in the first round. By the bout, Kattar fulfilled his first four-fight contract with the UFC.
Kattar faced Ricardo Lamas at UFC 238 on June 8, 2019. He won the fight via knockout in the first round.
Kattar was scheduled to face Zabit Magomedsharipov on October 18, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 6. However, Magomedsharipov was removed from the card due to injury on September 13 and the pairing was rescheduled for the following month at UFC on ESPN+ 21. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.
Kattar was scheduled to face Jeremy Stephens on April 18, 2020 at UFC 249. However, on April 9, Dana White, the president of UFC announced that this event was postponed and the bout eventually took place on May 9, 2020. At the weigh-ins on May 8, Stephens missed weight, weighing in at 150.5 pounds, 4.5 pounds over the non-title featherweight limit. As a result, the bout proceeded as a catchweight bout and Stephens was fined 20% of his purse which went to Kattar. Kattar won the fight via technical knockout in round two.
The first bout of his new six-fight contract came against Dan Ige on July 16, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Kattar vs. Ige. Kattar won the fight via unanimous decision.
Next, Kattar faced former UFC Featherweight Champion Max Holloway, while headlining UFC on ABC 1 on January 16, 2021. In a one-sided fight where Kattar suffered plenty of physical trauma due to Holloway's strikes, which set multiple UFC records, he was defeated by unanimous decision. Despite being a one-sided fight, both competitors earned the Fight of the Night award as Kattar was able to land powerful strikes of his own, despite all the damage he received.
Kattar faced Giga Chikadze on January 15, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 32. He won the fight via unanimous decision after knocking down and almost finishing Chikadze in the final seconds of the bout. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.
Kattar faced Josh Emmett on June 18, 2022 in the main event at UFC on ESPN 37. He lost the close bout via split decision. 14 of 19 MMA media outlets scored the bout in favor of Kattar. This fight earned him his third consecutive Fight of the Night award.
Kattar faced Arnold Allen on October 29, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 213. He lost the fight via technical knockout following a knee injury.
Titles and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (Five times) .
MMAJunkie.com
2020 May Knockout of the Month vs. Jeremy Stephens
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|23–7
|Arnold Allen
|TKO (knee injury)
|UFC Fight Night: Kattar vs. Allen
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:08
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|23–6
|Josh Emmett
|Decision (split)
|UFC on ESPN: Kattar vs. Emmett
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Austin, Texas, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|23–5
|Giga Chikadze
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on ESPN: Kattar vs. Chikadze
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|22–5
|Max Holloway
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on ABC: Holloway vs. Kattar
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|-
|-
|Win
|align=center|22–4
|Dan Ige
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on ESPN: Kattar vs. Ige
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|21–4
|Jeremy Stephens
|KO (elbows)
|UFC 249
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:42
|Jacksonville, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|20–4
|Zabit Magomedsharipov
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: Magomedsharipov vs. Kattar
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Moscow, Russia
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|20–3
|Ricardo Lamas
|KO (punches)
|UFC 238
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:06
|Chicago, Illinois, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|19–3
|Chris Fishgold
|TKO (punches)
|UFC Fight Night: Volkan vs. Smith
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:11
|Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|18–3
|Renato Moicano
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 223
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Brooklyn, New York, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|18–2
|Shane Burgos
|TKO (punches)
|UFC 220
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|0:32
|Boston, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|17–2
|Andre Fili
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 214
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|16–2
|Chris Foster
|Decision (unanimous)
|CES 38: Soriano vs. Makashvili
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|15–2
|Kenny Foster
|Decision (split)
|CES 34: Curtis vs. Burrell
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–2
|Gabriel Baino
|Decision (unanimous)
|Combat Zone 44: Steel Cage Fighters
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Salem, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–2
|Saul Almeida
|Decision (unanimous)
|CES 13: Real Pain
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Providence, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–2
|Cody Stevens
|Decision (unanimous)
|Combat Zone 39: Smack Down at the Rock
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Salem, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–2
|Luiz Rodrigues
|Decision (unanimous)
|Combat Zone 36: Smashing on the Rock
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Salem, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–2
|Chris Connor
|TKO (punches)
|Combat Zone 33: Massacre in the Meadow
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:40
|Gilford, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 9–2
|Jeff Anderson
|TKO (punches)
|Xtreme Championship Fight League 2
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:05
|Lowell, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center| 8–2
|Don Carlo-Clauss
|Decision (split)
|Xtreme Championship Fight League 1
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Marlborough, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 8–1
|Andrew Montanez
|Decision (unanimous)
|American Steel Cagefighting 2
|
|align=center| 5
|align=center| 5:00
|Salem, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 7–1
|Rodrigo Almeida
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|World Championship Fighting 7
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:16
|Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 6–1
|Jonathan Bermudez
|TKO (punches)
|Combat Zone 27: The Rock 2
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 0:29
|Salem, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 5–1
|Bobby Diaz
|Submission (triangle choke)
|World Championship Fighting 5
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:21
|Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 4–1
|Kevin Roddy
|KO (punches)
|Combat Zone 26: The Rock
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 0:47
|Salem, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center| 3–1
|James Jones
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|EliteXC: Primetime
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 4:49
|Newark, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 3–0
|Bob Pupa
|TKO (submission to punches)
|Combat Zone 24: Renaissance
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 0:51
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 2–0
|Donald Peters
|TKO (punches)
|Combat Zone 23: Down and Out
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| N/A
|Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center| 1–0
|Tony Armijo
|TKO (punches)
|Combat Zone 22: Cage Masters 3
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:02
|Derry, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
American male mixed martial artists
1988 births
Living people
Featherweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Massachusetts
American male sport wrestlers
Amateur wrestlers
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from Methuen, Massachusetts
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American people of Lebanese descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter%20Township%2C%20Clarion%20County%2C%20Pennsylvania
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Porter Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
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Porter Township is a township in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,287 at the 2020 census, a decrease from the figure of 1,348 tabulated in 2010.
Geography
The township is in southern Clarion County, bordered to the south by Redbank Creek, which forms the Armstrong County line. The borough of New Bethlehem touches the southeastern corner of the township. According to the United States Census Bureau, Porter Township has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.34%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,466 people, 565 households, and 423 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 603 housing units at an average density of 13.6/sq mi (5.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.11% White, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population.
There were 565 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $31,761, and the median income for a family was $36,576. Males had a median income of $30,057 versus $21,583 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,647. About 8.0% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Porter Township listing at Clarion County Association of Township Officials
Populated places established in 1800
Townships in Clarion County, Pennsylvania
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11847044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden%20Hauptbahnhof
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Wiesbaden Hauptbahnhof
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Wiesbaden Hauptbahnhof is a railway station for the city of Wiesbaden, the state capital of the German state of Hesse. It is a terminal station at the southern edge of the city centre and is used by more than 40,000 travelers each day, so it is the second largest station in Hesse after Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 2 station.
History
The current station replaced three stations in the city centre, which were next to each other near the fairground (Rhein-Main-Hallen) and the Wiesbaden Museum. These were:
The Taunusbahnhof (Taunus station), built in 1840 for the Taunus Railway (Wiesbaden–Castel–Höchst–Frankfurt (Taunusbahnhof).
The Rheinbahnhof (Rhine station), built in 1857 for the East Rhine railway (Wiesbaden–Biebrich–Rüdesheim–Niederlahnstein).
The Ludwigsbahnhof (Ludwig's Railway station), built in 1879 for the Ländches Railway (Wiesbaden-Niedernhausen).
A fourth railway line was added in 1889, connecting to the Rheinbahnhof, with the opening Langenschwalbach Railway (now the Aar Valley Railway—Aartalbahn) from the Rheinbahnhof in Wiesbaden to Bad Schwalbach (then called Langenschwalbach) and later extended to Diez on the Lahn.
The new station building became necessary to handle the growing number of passenger visiting the spa city at that time. It was built from 1904 to 1906 according to the plans of Fritz Klingholz in a flamboyant neo-baroque style that corresponded to an international style of architecture adopted for spa towns. It was also intended to welcome Kaiser Wilhelm II on his visit to the spa every May and a platform was established for him and other aristocrats. The first train ran into the new station on 15 November 1906 around 2:23 a.m. In the station building the relics of the former images of crowned heads, with the faces removed, can still be seen in many places.
The new Hauptbahnhof was located outside the town at the time of its building at the south-eastern end of the then newly constructed ring road (the Kaiser-Friedrich-Ring and the Bismarckring), which runs in an arc to the west of the historic pentagon (Historische Fünfeck) at the centre of Wiesbaden. During the period up to the First World War the town developed towards the new station.
On 25 September 1983, the Hauptbahnhof was affected by the closure of a line. Passenger services were discontinued between Wiesbaden and Bad Schwalbach on the Aar Valley Railway. One of the long-term consequences was the decommissioning and dismantling of station track 11 so that the station now has only 10 tracks.
Wiesbaden Hauptbahnhof was extensively refurbished and modernised at a cost of €25 million between 2003 and 2004. A redesign of the forecourt, costing €1.5 million, was carried out between mid-2006 and March 2007. The modernisation should have been completed with the opening of the high-speed line to Cologne, but was postponed several times due to lack of funds.
Next door is the Lilien-Carré shopping centre opened in March 2007 on the site of the former main post office.
As part of the economic stimulus package, the train shed roofs have been renovated at a cost of €35 million since late 2010.
Connection to the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed line
Wiesbaden Hauptbahnhof is connected to the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed line by the approximately 13.0 km long Breckenheim–Wiesbaden line opened in 2002.
This line had been subjected to extensive analysis and discussions by 1990. Three options were investigated:
an alignment of the main route of the high-speed line through Wiesbaden station. This option was originally premised on the route of the line running generally along the eastern bank of the Rhine, which was rejected after exhaustive investigations. It examined possible connection to the current station:
by continuing to serve the terminal station,
with the construction of a new underground station deep near the existing station area, running north–south, and
with the construction of a new underground station, running east-west;
an alignment on the eastern outskirts of Wiesbaden, with sub-variants with or without the construction of a new station. Possible station sites were tested in the Hainerberg district (more than a kilometre east of the Hauptbahnhof), near Wiesbaden Ost station and east of the Bierstadt district. Only in the case of Wiesbaden Ost was a link to the S-Bahn possible and in all three cases connections to public transport (especially buses) would have had to be changed.
an alignment along the A3 to the east of Wiesbaden.
The option of running under the Wiesbaden city area with a station on a north-south orientation was dismissed. Overall, this option required an ascending 10.2 km tunnel. Also rejected was the east-west option as it would have required a tunnel that was located 30 to 100 m below the water table. The high pressure of ground water under parts of the city of Wiesbaden made this extremely difficult. Test bores on the route of the postulated tunnel found material that was penetrated by debris.
In August 1991, the state of Hesse, the city of Wiesbaden and the Deutsche Bundesbahn agreed to a ground-level connection running from the Hauptbahnhof via a link to the east to the new line. The realised Wiesbadener Kreuz (Wiesbaden Cross) option was accessed as having the best cost-benefit ratio. A major argument put forward in the assessment report was that the best way by far of generating passenger traffic would be a connection to the existing station and that only at Wiesbaden Hauptbahnhof would it be possible to give comprehensive access to public transport. Furthermore, the option largely agreed with the route promoted by nature conservation and environmental groups.
A proposed branch off the link along the A 66 and connecting to the high-speed line towards Frankfurt, which would be served only by regional services has not been realized. As part of the connection to the new line, a platform in Wiesbaden station was extended to the length of long ICE trains. The cost of €1.7 million were funded by the federal government.
Patronage of services on the line have been disappointing and services have been cut back from those originally operating so that there are now only two services each way on week days only.
Architecture
The station building is connected to a five-span train-shed, originally with eleven tracks (now only ten are in operation), which are located in front of a broad vaulted concourse that extends eastward beyond the train-shed and at right angles to it to a vaulted lobby to the east of platform track 1.
The exterior is formed of red sandstone and has rich Baroque Revival forms. The highlight is the lobby on the eastern side, which has a clock tower with a curved canopy. The former entrance on the western side is surmounted by a copper dome. The roof is adorned with green tiles.
The interior of the building is formed of yellow sandstone, in contrast to the exterior. The roof over the actual platform area consists of steel and glass.
During its renovation in 2004, the station was largely restored to its original appearance. The monumental nature of the concourse is now restored to its full advantage as distracting objects have been removed.
Rail services
It is served by the following long-distance services:
Regional trains
The station is served by the following regional services:
S-Bahn
The station is the terminus of three lines of the Rhine-Main S-Bahn:
References
External links
Rhine-Main S-Bahn stations
Railway stations in Wiesbaden
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1906
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52017347
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage%20Taki
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Tage Taki
|
Tage Taki is an Indian politician from the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
Taki was elected from the Ziro-Hapoli Assembly Constituency in the 2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, standing as a BJP candidate. He is an engineer by qualification, having served as a Superintending Engineer in the Arunachal Pradesh Public Works Department. He is from Lempia village in Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh. He succeeded Padi Richo INC candidate, who was the previous MLA from Ziro-Hapoli region by defeating him by 1219 votes.
Tage Taki was elected for a second consecutive term in 2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election by defeating his rival INC candidate Sri Nani Ribya by a margin of 1774 votes. Tage Taki is inducted as a cabinet minister in the Pema Khandu government as Minister of Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, and Veterinary & Dairy Development and Fisheries.
See also
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
References
External links
Tage Taki profile
MyNeta Profile
Tage Taki FB
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024
Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019
Year of birth missing (living people)
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16690883
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliya%20Yefimova
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Yuliya Yefimova
|
Yuliya Andreyevna Yefimova (, also romanized Efimova; born 3 April 1992) is a Russian competitive swimmer. She is the Russian record holder in the 200 metre individual medley (short course), 50 metre breaststroke (short course and long course), 100 metre breaststroke (short course and long course), and 200 metre breaststroke (short course and long course). After making her Olympic debut in 2008, she went on to win the bronze medal in the 200 metre breaststroke in 2012, and silver medals in the 100 metre and 200 metre breaststroke in 2016. She is a six-time World Champion, winning the 50 metre breaststroke in 2009 and 2013, the 100 metre breaststroke in 2015, and the 200 metre breaststroke in 2013, 2017, and 2019. In 2019, she became the first woman to win the 200 metre breaststroke at a FINA World Aquatics Championships three times. She is a former world record holder in the long course 50 metre breaststroke. She has won 109 medals, including 48 gold medals, at Swimming World Cups.
After failing a drug test, Yefimova was disqualified from competition for 16 months, from October 2013 to February 2015, was stripped of her results and medals at the 2013 European Short Course Championships, and four of her world short-course records were invalidated.
Personal life
Yefimova was born in Grozny. However, due to the First Chechen War, her family moved to Volgodonsk soon after. There she took up swimming at the age of six, coached by her father Andrey Yefimov. Until 2011, she lived in Taganrog, where she trained under Irina Vyatchanina and studied at the Southern Federal University. In March 2011, she moved to California, United States, where she was coached by Dave Salo, the head coach of the University of Southern California swimming team.
Career
2007–2009: World record at 17 years of age
Yefimova's first notable achievement was winning the 50 metre, 100 metre, and 200 metre breaststroke titles at the 2007 European Short Course Swimming Championships. At 15 years of age, she set her first European record and Russian national record in the short course 200 metre breaststroke with her time of 2:19.08 in the final that won her the gold medal in the event. At the 2008 European Aquatics Championships she was the gold medalist in the 200 metre breaststroke and the silver medalist in the 50 metre breaststroke. Yefimova competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing when she was 16, placing fourth in the 100 metre breaststroke and fifth in the 200 metre breaststroke. In the prelims heats of the 100 metre breaststroke, she ranked second overall, swimming a new European record and Russian record time of 1:06.08 and finishing behind only Leisel Jones of Australia. At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Italy, Yefimova won the gold medal in the 50 metre breaststroke in a world record time of 30.09 seconds at 17 years of age.
2010–2013
Yefimova won gold medals at the 2010 European Aquatics Championships in the 50 metre and 100 metre breaststroke events. The following year, at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships, she won the silver medal in the 200 metre breaststroke with a Russian record time of 2:22.22, finishing less than one second behind the gold medalist in the event Rebecca Soni of the United States. In 2012, she earned the bronze medal in the 200 metre breaststroke at the 2012 Summer Olympics with a new European record time of 2:20.92. A year later, at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Yefimova triumphed in the 200 metre breaststroke with a time of 2:19.41. In the 50 metre breaststroke prelims heats, she achieved a new world record of 29.78 seconds. She won the finals, finishing first in 29.52 seconds.
Suspension, disqualifications
In January 2014, it was announced that Yefimova had failed an out of competition drug test in October 2013. Her positive test was for DHEA, an endogenous steroid hormone banned in professional sports. On 13 May 2014, she was disqualified by FINA for 16 months, from 31 October 2013 to 28 February 2015. She was stripped of her results and medals at the 2013 European Short Course Championships. Her four world short-course records (two relays and the 50 metre and 200 metre breaststroke set in November/December 2013) were also invalidated.
2015 World Aquatics Championships
In August 2015, after 16 months of disqualification due to the positive drug test, Yefimova competed at the World Aquatics Championships in Kazan. She won a gold medal in the 100 metre breaststroke with a time of 1:05.66 that was seven tenths of a second faster than the next fastest swimmer, Rūta Meilutytė of Lithuania. In the 50 metre breaststroke Yefimova won the bronze medal at 30.13 seconds. In the 200 metre breaststroke she placed 17th in the prelims heats with a time of 2:26.11 and did not advance to the semifinals. She also placed fifth in the 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay, splitting a 1:05.46 for the breaststroke leg of the relay.
2016
Between 15 February and 30 March 2016, Yefimova tested positive for meldonium six times in total. She was provisionally suspended from international competition by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) on 14 March. With no research on how long the drug stayed in a person's system, she was not banned or given a suspension. In June 2016, Yefimova returned to competition at the Los Angeles Invitational, winning the 200 metre breaststroke with a time of 2:22.77.
2016 Summer Olympics
Yefimova was the silver medalist at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 100 metre breaststroke and 200 metre breaststroke. She also helped set a new Russian national record as part of the 4 × 100 metre medley relay that placed sixth with a time of 3:55.66 in the finals, splitting the fastest breaststroke leg of all finals relays with a time of 1:04.98.
Yefimova's participation in the 2016 Summer Olympics was controversial due to doping within the Russian Olympic team. She was initially banned from participation due to her previous doping suspension, but this ban was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, allowing her to compete. During the Games, she was booed by spectators during each of her races. Yefimova was also criticized for taking performance-enhancing drugs by other swimmers, including Lilly King, who won the gold medal in the 100 metre breaststroke. Yefimova won the silver, and during the news conference afterwards, she was "on the verge of tears from the opening question about the boos directed at her." After Yefimova won silver in the 100 metre breaststroke, ESPN pushed back directly against her presence at the 2016 Olympic Games, stating "Yulia Efimova shouldn't have been in Rio at all". The treatment of Yefimova was also covered by The Washington Post, which pointed out the asymmetry in how people responded to Yefimova competing at the 2016 Summer Olympics compared to the response when Jessica Hardy of the United States competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
2017
At the 2017 New South Wales State Open Championships in March in Sydney, Australia, Yefimova won the 200 metre breaststroke event with a time of 2:28.80. She also won the 100 metre breaststroke with a time of 1:06.55. A month later, she won the 50 metre breaststroke at the 2017 Russian Championships with a time of 29.88 seconds.
2017 World Aquatics Championships
In July, at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Yefimova won the bronze medal in the 100 metre breaststroke in 1:05.05, finishing 0.92 seconds after the gold medalist, Lilly King, and 0.02 seconds after the silver medalist, Katie Meili. Her time of 1:04.36 in the semifinals set a new Russian record in the event. Three days later, she won the 200 metre breaststroke in 2:19.64, which was over two seconds faster than the next fastest swimmer and silver medalist in the event, Bethany Galat, and gave her the fifth World Championships title of her career. In the 4 × 100 metre medley relay, Yefimova won a silver medal and set a new European record and a new national record with her relay teammates in a time of 3:53.58; she split the fastest breaststroke leg out of all finals relays by over four tenths of a second with a time of 1:04.03. For the 50 metre breaststroke Yefimova won the silver medal in a time of 29.57 seconds, which was less than two tenths of a second slower than gold medalist Lilly King and over four tenths of a second faster than bronze medalist Katie Meili. In the 200 metre individual medley, Yefimova placed 14th in the semifinals with a time of 2:12.88 and did not qualify for the final.
2018 European Aquatics Championships
In August 2018, at the 2018 European Aquatics Championships, held at Tollcross International Swimming Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, Yefimova won the gold medal in the 100 metre breaststroke with a championships record time of 1:05.53 in the final, breaking her own championships record she set in the semifinals at 1:05.87. In the 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay, Yefimova split a 1:05.07 for the breaststroke leg of the relay, helping achieve a time of 3:42.71 with Kliment Kolesnikov, Svetlana Chimrova, and Vladimir Morozov to win the silver medal and set a new Russian record. Yefimova ranked fourteenth in the prelims heats of the 200 metre individual medley, qualified for the semifinals, and withdrew from competition, forgoing competing in the semifinals. She won the gold medal in the 200 metre breaststroke with a time of 2:21.31. In the 50 metre breaststroke, Yefimova won the gold medal after setting a championships record of 29.66 seconds in the semifinals. For the breaststroke leg of the 4 × 100 metre medley relay, Yefimova split a 1:03.95, helping win the gold medal and set a new championships record at 3:54.22. Yefimova was one of three swimmers to win four gold medals at the 2018 European Aquatics Championships along with Adam Peaty of Great Britain and Sarah Sjöström of Sweden.
2019 World Aquatics Championships
At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea in July, Yefimova won the silver medal in the 100 metre breaststroke, finishing less than six-tenths of a second behind Lilly King of the United States with a time of 1:05.49. In the 200 metre breaststroke, Yefimova won the gold medal and became the first woman to win the 200 metre breaststroke world title at a World Aquatics Championships three times, finishing over two seconds ahead of Tatjana Schoenmaker of South Africa with a time of 2:20.17. Yefimova won the bronze medal in the 50 metre breaststroke, finishing third behind gold medalist Lilly King and silver medalist Benedetta Pilato of Italy in 30.15 seconds.
2020 European Aquatics Championships
On 19 May 2021, Yefimova placed fourth in the 100 metre breaststroke at the 2020 European Aquatics Championships held at Danube Arena in Budapest, Hungary. The next day, Yefimova placed fourth as part of the 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay, swimming the breaststroke leg of the relay and helping to finish in a time of 3:43.60. In the 200 metre breaststroke final on 21 May 2021, Yefimova won the bronze medal with a time of 2:22.16. She won a bronze medal in the 50 metre breaststroke as well, finishing with a 30.22 after gold medalist Benedetta Pilato and silver medalist Ida Hulkko of Finland. In the 4 × 100 metre medley relay, Yefimova won a silver medal, splitting a 1:05.77 for the breaststroke leg of the relay.
2020 Summer Olympics
With her, and all other Russians's, outfit, national song, and cohort name selected by the International Olympic Committee, Yefimova competed in the 2020 Summer Olympic Games for the Russian Olympic Committee. These representation items stemmed from the Court of Arbitration for Sport ban on Russians due to widespread doping in Russia and lasting 24 months from December 2020 to December 2022.
At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, held in the summer of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Yefimova competed in two events. For the preliminary heats of the 100 metre breaststroke, she ranked eighth with a time of 1:06.21 and advanced to the semifinals, where she qualified for the final with a time of 1:06.47 and overall fifth-rank. In the final, she placed fifth with her time of 1:06.02. Her team was seventh in the prelims heats of the 4 × 100 metre medley relay and then placed seventh in the finals relay, as well.
2021 Swimming World Cup
Stop 3: Doha
Yefimova competed in the third stop of the short course 2021 FINA Swimming World Cup in Doha, Qatar. She joined the competition at the Doha stop, the third of four stops in the year's World Cup circuit, after deciding not to compete at the first two stops. Yefimova entered to compete in all breaststroke events available to female swimmers at the Doha stop, which were the 50 metre breaststroke, 100 metre breaststroke, and 200 metre breaststroke races.
On the first day of competition, Yefomiva won the gold medal in the final of the 200 metre breaststroke, finishing over one second ahead of the next fastest swimmer with her time of 2:22.19. The next day she backed up her gold medal performance with another, this time winning the gold medal in the 100 metre breaststroke in a time of 1:06.08. In her final race of the Doha World Cup stop on day three, Yefimova won her third gold medal, swimming a time of 30.11 seconds in the final of the 50 metre breaststroke to win the event.
Stop 4: Kazan
For the fourth and final stop of the World Cup circuit, and Yefimova's second stop, FINA noted her as someone to follow in the breaststroke events before the start of competition on 28 October at the Palace of Water Sports in Kazan.
In the morning of day one of competition, Yefimova ranked third across all prelims heats in the 200 metre breaststroke with her time of 2:25.54 and qualified for the final in the evening. She finished second in the final with a time of 2:20.49, winning the silver medal in the event. The following morning, on 29 October, Yefimova advanced to the final ranked second for the 100 metre breaststroke from the prelims heats where she swam a 1:06.24. She dropped almost two seconds off her time from the prelims heats to win the gold medal in the final of the 100 metre breaststroke with a time of 1:04.56 that was one-hundredth of a second faster than the second-place finisher. On the last day of World Cup competition, Yefimova ranked first in the prelims heats of the 50 metre breaststroke with a time of 30.21, two-hundredths of a second ahead of the next-fastest competitor. In the final of the 50 metre breaststroke, she won the silver medal with a time of 29.65 seconds, one-hundredth of a second behind the gold medal winner in the event, Nika Godun. When points were summed across all four World Cup stops, Yefimova ranked tenth in terms of overall score for female competitors, second for female competitors from a country that hosted at least one World Cup stop, and first for female Russian competitors. Her total of six medals, four gold medals and two silver medals, ranked her eighth in total medals won by a female competitor.
2022–2023
Yefimova was impacted by a nationality ban enacted by LEN and implemented on 3 March 2022, which permanently banned all Russians and Belarusians from their competitions, including the 2022 European Aquatics Championships, with no date of re-entry communicated at the time the ban took effect. The second ban for her nationality came from FINA, which barred all Russians and Belarusians from their competitions effective 21 April 2022 and lasting at least through 31 December 2022. For non-FINA events she and other Russians were not banned from, their times did not count towards world rankings nor world records. In April 2023, World Aquatics (formerly FINA) provided clarity that they had extended their 2022 ban in a back-acting manner and they were indefinitely still in effect.
Olympic Games and world championships results
Career best times
Long course metres (50 m pool)
Short course metres (25 m pool)
Legend: NR — Russian record
Swimming World Cup circuits
The following medals Yefimova has won at Swimming World Cup circuits.
World records
Long course metres
Legend: h — heat
Continental and national records
Long course metres
Short course metres
Awards and honours
Russian Female Swimmer of the Year (2008 and 2015)
Honorary citizen of Volgodonsk (since 2008)
Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (2012)
Order of Friendship (2016)
Sportswoman of the Year from the All-Russia Swimming Federation (2017)
SwimSwam, Top 100 (Women's): 2021 (#7), 2022 (#85)
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Doping cases in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Olympic swimmers for Russia
Russian female breaststroke swimmers
Russian female medley swimmers
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Sportspeople from Grozny
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Russia
Universiade medalists in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
World record setters in swimming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes%20de%20Lasala%20de%20Riglos
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Mercedes de Lasala de Riglos
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Mercedes de Lasala de Riglos or (incorrectly) Ana Lasala de Riglos (23 September 1764 – 1 January 1837), known as Madame Riglos, was an Argentine patriot and socialite during the period when Argentina was gaining its independence from Spain.
Her home was a meeting place where information could be exchanged and the issues of the day discussed.
In 1823 she was one of the founders of the famous philanthropic society Sociedad de Beneficencia de Buenos Aires and served as its first president.
Family
María Josefa de las Mercedes Lasala Fernández Larrazabal was born in Buenos Aires on 23 September 1764 and baptised two days later.
She was from an old patrician family.
Her father was Jean Baptiste de La Salle Bachaulet (8 February 1729 – c. 1780), originally from Monein, Bearn, France.
Her mother was Juana Agustina Fernandez de la Cruz Larrazabal, born on 5 May 1741 in Buenos Aires.
Mercedes was the second oldest of a family of at least 10 children.
Her youngest sister was Maria Eusebia Rafaela Jossefa (1774–1854).
On 13 April 1782 Mercedes de Lasala married Miguel Fermín Mariano Riglos San Martín (12 October 1754 – 16 May 1808) in Buenos Aires.
He was a captain of dragoons in the Fixed Regiment.
Their children were Miguel Francisco Xavier Julián Buenaventura (17 February 1783), Josefa Rosa Mercedes Dionisia (2 March 1784 – 5 Jan 1873), Miguel José Sabelio (9 January 1790 – 20 Nov 1863), José Ramón Francisco (1 April 1791), Martín Marcos José (12 November 1793), Ramón Doroteo Ignacio (6 February 1795), José Martín Ramón Buenaventura (30 January 1797 – 22 February 1839) and Francisca Javiera (died 28 July 1862).
Her husband died in 1809.
Support for independence movement
Mercedes was known among the ladies of Buenos Aires for her determined patriotism.
She belonged to the Patricias Argentinas, a group of female financiers who contributed in financing the Argentine War of Independence in 1812.
Her sister, Eusebia de Lasala, was part of the commission that interviewed Cornelio Saavedra and convinced him to participate in the freedom movement.
In 1810 Mercedes contributed three ounces of gold to support the First Upper Peru campaign.
Eusebia contributed one ounce of gold.
Tertulias
Mercedes de Riglos was among the well-to-do women of Buenos Aires who held weekly social gatherings that were open to anyone introduced by a friend.
Similar tertulias were being held during this period in Lima, Peru, by women such as Manuela Rábago de Avellafuertes de Riglos and Narcisa Arias de Saavaedra.
It was at meetings at her house and those of other society women such as Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson and Flora Azcuénaga that the discussions were held which led up to the May Revolution, the first stage in the struggle for Argentine independence from Spain.
William Parish Robertson, an English merchant, visited Buenos Aires around the end of 1817.
He wrote much later,
"Madame Riglos" could be seen as the chief lady of the conservative faction in Buenos Aires.
She was sparkling and familiar, although highly aristocratic.
Her house was the meeting place of government figures.
She was popular with English naval officers because of her patience in correcting their linguistic errors and her willingness to defend them against criticism for their sad figure in the local dances.
Doña Melchora de Sarratea, queen of fashion and of the Buenos Aires salons, was so well aware of public and private affairs that she was held to be an enthusiastic supporter of Whig (liberal) principles.
Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson's forte was foreign relations.
She had great wealth and collected outstanding personalities and also exquisite and curious products of European art and industry such as porcelains, engravings and clocks.
Charity
Mercedes Lasala was one of the founders of the Sociedad de Beneficencia (Charity Society) created by Bernardino Rivadavia in 1823.
She was the first president of the society, holding office until January 1827.
The society ran public institutions to help women and children, and played an important role in female education.
She worked to promote the society until her death.
Mercedes de Lasala de Riglos died in Buenos Aires on 1 January 1837.
Balcón de Riglos
Mercedes Lasala de Riglos's son, Miguel de Riglos y Lasala, was educated in London and returned to Buenos Aires in February 1813 at the age of 21.
Don Miguel de Riglos y Lasala was known as the "English Lord".
On 11 February 1825 Colonel Manuel de Escalada sold a house on the Plaza de la Victoria to Miguel de Riglos y Lasala as agent of his brother-in-law José de San Martín, who was absent in Europe.
The house had been given to San Martín by the state on 16 August 1819, and was sold for $20,000 cash.
It was a few meters from the Buenos Aires Cabildo.
It came to be known as the "Balcón de Riglos".
Others called it called "Los Altos".
Miguel and his wife Doña Dolores Villanueva furnished the house with all the luxury and comfort of the time.
For more than 30 years the long and narrow balcony of the house was the place from which the best society viewed every parade or procession.
Notes
Citations
Sources
1764 births
1837 deaths
18th-century Argentine people
19th-century Argentine people
Argentine philanthropists
18th-century Argentine women
19th-century Argentine women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Franzese
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Paula Franzese
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Paula Ann Franzese is an American legal scholar based in New Jersey who focuses on government ethics and property law. She is the Peter W. Rodino Professor of Law at the Seton Hall University School of Law. Franzese is an educator who has been named one of the 26 best law teachers in the United States. She is also a prominent advocate for government ethics reform, a spokesperson for legal education, a housing advocate, and an author.
Career
Franzese graduated summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, with a Bachelor's degree from Barnard College, Columbia University. Franzese received a Juris Doctor degree from Columbia Law School and won several academic prizes, including the Rosenman Prize for excellence in public law courses.
Franzese became a professor of law at Seton Hall Law School in 1986, and she later became the Peter W. Rodino Professor of Law at Seton Hall. In 2020, she was named one of the Top Women in Law by the New Jersey Law Journal.
Scholarship
Franzese's scholarship focuses on two main areas of the law: government ethics and property law. Her research into property law includes landlord-tenant reform, common interest communities including homeowners' boards, and affordable housing, including a legal analysis of the Mount Laurel doctrine. In addition to her scholarship, Franzese wrote two general-purpose guidebooks for students, including A Short & Happy Guide To Being A College Student and A Short & Happy Guide To Being A Law Student. Franzese has advocated for a right to counsel for low-income tenants facing eviction and moderated fair housing programs.
Franzese has written about the law as an instrument for social justice in the New Jersey Law Journal, has received national attention for her scholarship on the struggles of indigent tenants, and has been the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including the 2017 Justice Marie Garibaldi Award for Distinguished Service and Excellence. Her research and recommendations have been used by legislatures to formulate key ethics reform legislation.
Teaching
Franzese was featured as one of the 26 best law teachers in the nation in the book What the Best Law Teachers Do and has been named as an Exemplary Teacher by the American Association of Higher Education. In 2019, the Seton Hall Student Bar Association's Professor of the Year Award was renamed the Paula A. Franzese Professor of the Year Award in her honor after she won the award 10 times. Franzese was recognized as one of twenty Inspiring Women in Education by SheKnows media for her volunteer efforts teaching middle school students civics and has presented on education as a human right at the UN International Human Rights Summit. Franzese pioneered the cause of law-related and civic education during her tenure as President of the Justice Resource Center, the largest non-profit provider of law-related and civic education for grades four through twelve. Franzese also lectured for ten years at BarBri, a bar-exam preparation firm, serving as its national lecturer on property law.
Franzese urges that law professors emphasize a "conceptual, contextual and empathetic understanding." Franzese encourages law students to have empathy with others as a way of better understanding the law and becoming more effective lawyers. At Seton Hall Law, she is the director of The Leadership Fellows Program. The Program includes "a distinguished speakers series, mentoring component and opportunities for experiential learning that include implementation of a community-based leadership project." She has written on the benefits of a J.D. degree and reasons to go to law school.
Ethics and Reform Advocacy
Franzese is an advocate of ethics reform. As Special Ethics Counsel, she and retired Justice Daniel J. O'Hern promulgated the Uniform Ethics Code in New Jersey, a pioneering statutory achievement that has become a model for national replication. She has published and presented on best practices for ethics reform and restoring the public trust. She received the National Council on Governmental Ethics Laws (COGEL) Award, the highest honor conferred by the organization, in recognition of her "significant, demonstrable and positive contributions to the fields of campaign finance, elections, ethics, freedom of information and lobbying over a significant period of time."
In 2014 and again in 2016, Franzese criticized the administration of New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, stating that officials in the administration conflated their official duties with campaign efforts.
Publications
Law Review articles
Promises Still to Keep: The Fair Housing Act Fifty Years Later, 40 Cardozo Law Review (2019)
A Place to Call Home: Tenant Blacklisting and the Denial of Opportunity, 45 Fordham Urban Law Journal 661(2018)
The Implied Warranty of Habitability Lives: Making Real the Promise of Landlord Tenant Reform, 68 Rutgers Law Review 1 (2017)
The Power of Empathy in the Classroom, 47 Seton Hall Law Review 1 (2017)
Empathic Teaching, Empathic Learning, 21 The Law Teacher 54 (2014)
Law Teaching for the Conceptual Age, 44 Seton Hall Law Review 1 (2014)
New Jersey Common Interest Communities: Predictors of Distress and an Agenda for Reform, 63 Rutgers Law Review 101 (2011)
Reclaiming the Promise of the Judicial Branch: Toward a More Meaningful Standard of Judicial Review as Applied to New York Eminent Domain Law, 38 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1091 (2011)
The Twin Rivers Case: Of Homeowners Associations, Free Speech Rights and Privatized Mini-Governments, 5 Rutgers Journal of Law & Public Policy 4 (2008)
Trust and Community: The Common Interest Community as Metaphor and Paradox, 72 Univ. of Missouri Law Review 1110 (2007)
Privatization and Its Discontents: Common Interest Communities and the Rise of Government for the "Nice.", 37 The Urban Lawyer 335 (2005)
Restoring the Public Trust: An Agenda for Ethics Reform of State Government and a Proposed Model for New Jersey, 57 Rutgers Law Review 1175 (2005)
Solutions to the Crisis in Affordable Housing: A Proposed Model for New York City, 3 Rutgers Journal of Law & Urban Policy 84 (2005)
Audiotape and CD course on property law, Thomson, 2003.
Books and book chapters
Housing and Hope: Private Property and Catholic Social Teachings, appearing in Christianity and Private Law (2019)
Learning Core Commercial Law Concepts: Course Materials (West, 2018)
A Short & Happy Guide to The Law of Sales (West, 2018)
Street Smarts for Women Lawyers, NYC Bar Press (2016) (Contributing Author)
Experiencing Property (West, 2015)
A Short & Happy Guide To Being A Law Student.
A Short & Happy Guide To Being A College Student
Strategies and Techniques of Law School Teaching: Property (Aspen Publishing, 2012)
A Short & Happy Guide To Property (Thompson, 2011)
Property Law and the Public Interest, Third Edition (Lexis, 2007)
Reaction and Reform in New Jersey, Ethics Reform Recommendations for The Executive Branch of New Jersey Government (Hall Institute, 2007) (with Justice Daniel J. O'Hern)
The Affective Assistance of Counsel: Practicing Law As a Healing Profession (Carolina Academic Press, 2006)
Residential Privilege: The Advent of the Guarded Subdivision, appearing in America's Second Gilded Age? Perspectives on Law and Class Differences (NYU Press, 2005)
The Law According to Skyboxes (2005) (Contributor)
Legends of the Law on Property, Thomson (2003)
Strategies and Techniques for Teaching Property, Aspen publishers.
Legend of the Law, Gilbert series, in property law, Harcourt Brace, 1996.
References
External links
Seton Hall Law School page
Franzese on Twitter
Living people
American legal scholars
Legal educators
Barnard College alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
American people of Italian descent
Seton Hall University School of Law faculty
Scholars of property law
People associated with Cahill Gordon & Reindel
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Duggan
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Michael Duggan
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Michael Duggan began his career writing in 1981 for the TV show Hill Street Blues and then moved on to shows such as St. Elsewhere and Law & Order. He began producing television shows in 1984 with Miami Vice and Midnight Run. Duggan has executive produced the series Earth 2 and part of the third season of Millennium.
Writer
Miss Miami (2002)
Secret Agent Man (2000)
Millennium (1998)
C-16: FBI (1997)
Brooklyn South (1997)
Earth 2 (1994)
Crime & Punishment (1993)
Law & Order (1990–1992)
Nasty Boys (1990)
Miami Vice (1988)
St. Elsewhere (1982)
Hill Street Blues (1981)
Producer
Miss Miami (2002)
Secret Agent Man (2000)
Millennium (1996–1998)
C-16: FBI (1997)
Earth 2 (1994–1995)
Midnight Runaround (1994)
Another Midnight Run (1994)
Crime & Punishment (1993)
Law & Order (1990–1993)
Nasty Boys (1990)
Midnight Run (1988)
Miami Vice (1984–1989)
Director
The F**k It List (2019)
See also
Dugan
Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin (died 1372) Gaelic-Irish poet.
Patrick Duggan (10 November 1813-15 August 1896) Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfert.
Tomás Bacach Ó Dúgáin, (fl. 1848-1858), scribe.
Maolsheachlainn Ó Dúgáin, (fl. mid-19th century), scribe.
Liam Ó Dúgáin, (fl. mid-19th century), scribe.
Seánie Duggan (born 1922), retired Irish sportsman.
Joe Dugan (1897–1982), American baseball player from 1917–1931
General Michael Dugan (born 1937), former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
Raymond Smith Dugan, (1878–1940), American Astronomer, textbook author and professor at Princeton University
Jeremiah Duggan (1980–2003), British student who died in disputed circumstances linked to the LaRouche movement.
Creative consultant
Millennium (1996)
H.E.L.P. (1990)
External links
American television producers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Ou%C3%A9draogo%20%28cardinal%29
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Philippe Ouédraogo (cardinal)
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Philippe Nakellentuba Ouédraogo (born 25 January 1945) is a Burkinabè prelate of the Catholic Church who was the archbishop of Ouagadougou from 2009 to 2023. He has been a cardinal since 2014. He was previously bishop of Ouahigouya from 1996 to 2009.
Biography
He was born on 25 January 1945 in Konéan in Kaya Department. He studied at the Petit Séminaire de Pabré in Ouagadougou from 1959 to 1967 and then at the Grand Séminaire Régional de Koumi in Bobo-Dioulasso from 1967 to 1973.
He was ordained a priest of the diocese of Kaya on 4 July 1973. After serving for five years as vicar of the cathedral parish, he studied at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome from 1979 to 1983, earning a doctorate in canon law. He returned to Kaya and from 1983 to 1996 he performed parish work while serving at the same time as vicar general of the Kaya Diocese and director of its seminary.
He was appointed bishop of Ouahigouya on 5 July 1996 and consecrated on 23 November 1996 by Jean-Marie Untaani Compaoré, Archbishop of Ouagadougou.
Pope Benedict XVI named him archbishop of Ouagadougou on 13 May 2009.
He was president of the Episcopal Conference of Burkina Faso and Niger from 2001 to 2007.
Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 22 February 2014 and assigned to him the titular church of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino. He was the second cardinal from Burkina Faso, following Paul Zoungrana (1917–2000).
He was named a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and the Pontifical Council for Inter Religious Dialogue on 22 May 2014 and of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments on 28 October 2016.
He received a papal appointment to participate in the Synod on the Family in October 2014 and October 2015.
In July 2019 he was elected president of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM).
Ouedraogo was diagnosed with COVID-19 on 30 March 2020, but has recovered from the virus since.
Pope Francis accepted his resignation as archbishop on 16 October 2023.
See also
Cardinals created by Francis
References
External links
Philippe Nakellentuba Ouédraogo on Catholic Hierarchy
1945 births
Living people
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Africa
Cardinals created by Pope Francis
Burkinabé Roman Catholic archbishops
Burkinabé cardinals
Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Members of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue
Roman Catholic bishops of Ouahigouya
Roman Catholic archbishops of Ouagadougou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Bloom
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Amy Bloom
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Amy Beth Bloom (born 1953) is an American writer and psychotherapist. She is professor of creative writing at Wesleyan University, and has been nominated for the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award.
Biography
Bloom is the daughter of Murray Teigh Bloom (1916–2009), an author, and Sydelle J. Cohen, a psychotherapist. Bloom received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theater/Political Science, magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, from Wesleyan University, and a M.S.W. (Master of Social Work) from Smith College.
Trained as a social worker, she has practiced psychotherapy. Currently, Bloom is the Kim-Frank Family University Writer in Residence at Wesleyan University (effective July 1, 2010). Previously, she was a senior lecturer of creative writing in the department of English at Yale University, where she taught Advanced Fiction Writing, Writing for Television, and Writing for Children.
Bloom has written articles in periodicals including The New Yorker, The New York Times Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, Vogue, Slate, and Salon.com. Her short fiction has appeared in The Best American Short Stories, The O. Henry Prize Stories and several other anthologies, and has won a National Magazine Award. In 1993, Bloom was nominated for the National Book Award for Fiction for Come to Me: Stories and in 2000 was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award for A Blind Man Can See How Much I Love You.
Having undergone training as a clinical social worker at the Smith College School for Social Work, Bloom used her understanding of psychotherapy in creating the 2007 Lifetime Television network TV show, State of Mind, which looked at the professional lives of psychotherapists. She is listed as creator, co-executive producer, and head writer for the series.
In August 2012, Bloom published her first children's book, entitled Little Sweet Potato (HarperCollins). According to The New York Times, the story "follows the trials of a 'lumpy, dumpy, bumpy' young tuber who is accidentally expelled from his garden patch and must find a new home. On his journey, he is castigated first by a bunch of xenophobic carrots, then by a menacing gang of vain eggplants."
Personal life
Bloom currently resides in Connecticut. Though sometimes referred to as a cousin of literary critic Harold Bloom, she says their "cousinhood is entirely artificial and volitional".
She has been married to two men, with a relationship with a woman in between. She has three children with her first husband, James Donald Moon. Her sister, Ellen Bloom, is married to physicist Michael Lubell. The assisted death of Amy Bloom’s second husband, Brian Ameche, is the subject of her memoir, In Love: A Memoir of Love and Loss.
Her father was the freelance writer Murray Teigh Bloom, a founder and former president of the American Society of Journalists and Authors.
Works
Fiction
Novels
Love Invents Us (1997)
Away (2007)
Lucky Us (2014)
White Houses (2018)
Short stories
Come to Me: Stories (1993)
A Blind Man Can See How Much I Love You: Stories (2000)
The Story (2006)
Where the God of Love Hangs Out (2009)
Rowing to Eden (2015)
Non-fiction
Normal: Transsexual CEOs, Cross-dressing Cops, and Hermaphrodites with Attitude (2002)
In Love: A Memoir of Love and Loss (2022)
Screenplays, teleplays and television shows
State of Mind (2007)
Wish Dragon (2021)
References
External links
Amy Bloom's Official Site
An Interview with Amy Bloom at Rollins College (March 2015)
Identity Theory Interview: Amy Bloom
New York State Writer's Institute: Amy Bloom
Amy Bloom Faculty Biography at Yale University
Speaking of Stories: Amy Bloom
Interview with Richard Wolinsky on KPFA-FM (August 21, 2008)
Interview with Richard Wolinsky on KPFA-FM (September 4, 2014)
"A Portion of Your Loveliness" a short story, Narrative Magazine (Winter 2007).
1953 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American psychologists
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American LGBT people
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American psychologists
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American women writers
American bisexual writers
American LGBT novelists
American women novelists
American women psychologists
American women short story writers
Bisexual women writers
LGBT psychologists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Smith College alumni
Wesleyan University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Mittleman
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Rick Mittleman
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Rick Mittleman (April 18, 1930 – July 30, 2014) was an American screenwriter known for Bewitched, The Red Skelton Show, and many other TV series.
Career
Mittleman started out on the TV series You Asked for It. He was nominated for an Emmy Award three times, in 1963 for The Red Skelton Show, in 1971 for Arnie, and in 1976 for Van Dyke and Company.
His other credits include The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Get Smart, Bewitched, McHale's Navy, The Donna Reed Show, Petticoat Junction, The Doris Day Show, The Courtship of Eddie's Father, That Girl, Welcome Back, Kotter, Sanford and Son, Gomer Pyle, USMC, I Spy, Emergency!, A Touch of Grace, The Practice (1976–1977), CHiPs, Remington Steele, Matlock, MacGyver, Simon & Simon, and Murder, She Wrote. He was also on the board of directors of the Writers Guild of America. He died in 2014, aged 84.
References
External links
2014 deaths
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American screenwriters
American television writers
1930 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordan%20Bari%C4%87
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Gordan Barić
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Gordan Barić (born 11 August 1994) is a Croatian footballer who plays for Inker Zaprešić as a defender.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
People from Leninsk-Kuznetsky
Men's association football defenders
Croatian men's footballers
NK Bistra players
NK Slaven Belupo players
NK Lokomotiva Zagreb players
NK Rudeš players
NK Inter Zaprešić players
First Football League (Croatia) players
Croatian Football League players
Footballers from Kemerovo Oblast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20of%20Tarifa
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Duke of Tarifa
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Duke of Tarifa (), is an hereditary title in the peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee. It was granted to Ángela Maria Apolonia Pérez de Barradas y Bernuy on 28 June 1886 by king Alfonso XII. The tile was originally granted as "Duke of Denia and Tarifa" (duque de Denia y Tarifa) but was separated into two different titles on 22 December 1886 by the Queen Regent, Maria Christina of Austria.
Dukes of Denia y Tarifa (1886)
Ángela María Apolonia Pérez de Barradas y Bernuy, 1st Duchess of Denia y Tarifa (1827-1903)
Dukes of Tarifa (1886)
Ángela María Apolonia Pérez de Barradas y Bernuy, 1st Duchess of Tarifa (1827-1903)
Carlos María de Constantinopla Fernández de Córdoba y Pérez de Barradas, 2nd Duke of Tarifa (1864-1931), son of the 1st Duchess
Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Salabert, 3rd Duke of Tarifa (1880-1956), grandson of the 1st Duchess
Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba y Fernández de Henestrosa, 4th Duchess of Tarifa (1917-2013), daughter of the 3rd Duke
Princess Victoria Elisabeth of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 5th Duchess of Tarifa (b. 1997), great-granddaughter of the 4th Duchess
See also
Duke of Denia
List of dukes in the peerage of Spain
List of current Grandees of Spain
References
Dukedoms of Spain
Grandees of Spain
Lists of dukes
Lists of Spanish nobility
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxos%20%28computer%20science%29
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Paxos (computer science)
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Paxos is a family of protocols for solving consensus in a network of unreliable or fallible processors.
Consensus is the process of agreeing on one result among a group of participants. This problem becomes difficult when the participants or their communications may experience failures.
Consensus protocols are the basis for the state machine replication approach to distributed computing, as suggested by Leslie Lamport and surveyed by Fred Schneider. State machine replication is a technique for converting an algorithm into a fault-tolerant, distributed implementation. Ad-hoc techniques may leave important cases of failures unresolved. The principled approach proposed by Lamport et al. ensures all cases are handled safely.
The Paxos protocol was first submitted in 1989 and named after a fictional legislative consensus system used on the Paxos island in Greece, where Lamport wrote that the parliament had to function "even though legislators continually wandered in and out of the parliamentary Chamber". It was later published as a journal article in 1998.
The Paxos family of protocols includes a spectrum of trade-offs between the number of processors, number of message delays before learning the agreed value, the activity level of individual participants, number of messages sent, and types of failures. Although no deterministic fault-tolerant consensus protocol can guarantee progress in an asynchronous network (a result proved in a paper by Fischer, Lynch and Paterson), Paxos guarantees safety (consistency), and the conditions that could prevent it from making progress are difficult to provoke.
Paxos is usually used where durability is required (for example, to replicate a file or a database), in which the amount of durable state could be large. The protocol attempts to make progress even during periods when some bounded number of replicas are unresponsive. There is also a mechanism to drop a permanently failed replica or to add a new replica.
History
The topic predates the protocol. In 1988, Lynch, Dwork and Stockmeyer had demonstrated the solvability of consensus in a broad family of "partially synchronous" systems. Paxos has strong similarities to a protocol used for agreement in "viewstamped replication", first published by Oki and Liskov in 1988, in the context of distributed transactions. Notwithstanding this prior work, Paxos offered a particularly elegant formalism, and included one of the earliest proofs of safety for a fault-tolerant distributed consensus protocol.
Reconfigurable state machines have strong ties to prior work on reliable group multicast protocols that support dynamic group membership, for example Birman's work in 1985 and 1987 on the virtually synchronous gbcast protocol. However, gbcast is unusual in supporting durability and addressing partitioning failures.
Most reliable multicast protocols lack these properties, which are required for implementations of the state machine replication model.
This point is elaborated in a paper by Lamport, Malkhi and Zhou.
Paxos protocols are members of a theoretical class of solutions to a problem formalized as uniform agreement with crash failures.
Lower bounds for this problem have been proved by Keidar and Shraer. Derecho, a C++ software library for cloud-scale state machine replication, offers a Paxos protocol that has been integrated with self-managed virtually synchronous membership. This protocol matches the Keidar and Shraer optimality bounds, and maps efficiently to modern remote DMA (RDMA) datacenter hardware (but uses TCP if RDMA is not available).
Assumptions
In order to simplify the presentation of Paxos, the following assumptions and definitions are made explicit. Techniques to broaden the applicability are known in the literature, and are not covered in this article.
Processors
Processors operate at arbitrary speed.
Processors may experience failures.
Processors with stable storage may re-join the protocol after failures (following a crash-recovery failure model).
Processors do not collude, lie, or otherwise attempt to subvert the protocol. (That is, Byzantine failures don't occur. See Byzantine Paxos for a solution that tolerates failures that arise from arbitrary/malicious behavior of the processes.)
Network
Processors can send messages to any other processor.
Messages are sent asynchronously and may take arbitrarily long to deliver.
Messages may be lost, reordered, or duplicated.
Messages are delivered without corruption. (That is, Byzantine failures don't occur. See Byzantine Paxos for a solution which tolerates corrupted messages that arise from arbitrary/malicious behavior of the messaging channels.)
Number of processors
In general, a consensus algorithm can make progress using processors, despite the simultaneous failure of any processors: in other words, the number of non-faulty processes must be strictly greater than the number of faulty processes. However, using reconfiguration, a protocol may be employed which survives any number of total failures as long as no more than F fail simultaneously. For Paxos protocols, these reconfigurations can be handled as separate configurations.
Safety and liveness properties
In order to guarantee safety (also called "consistency"), Paxos defines three properties and ensures the first two are always held, regardless of the pattern of failures:
Validity (or non-triviality) Only proposed values can be chosen and learned.
Agreement (or consistency, or safety) No two distinct learners can learn different values (or there can't be more than one decided value)
Termination (or liveness) If value C has been proposed, then eventually learner L will learn some value (if sufficient processors remain non-faulty).
Note that Paxos is not guaranteed to terminate, and thus does not have the liveness property. This is supported by the Fischer Lynch Paterson impossibility result (FLP) which states that a consistency protocol can only have two of safety, liveness, and fault tolerance. As Paxos's point is to ensure fault tolerance and it guarantees safety, it cannot also guarantee liveness.
Typical deployment
In most deployments of Paxos, each participating process acts in three roles; Proposer, Acceptor and Learner. This reduces the message complexity significantly, without sacrificing correctness:
By merging roles, the protocol "collapses" into an efficient client-master-replica style deployment, typical of the database community. The benefit of the Paxos protocols (including implementations with merged roles) is the guarantee of its safety properties.
A typical implementation's message flow is covered in the section Multi-Paxos.
Basic Paxos
This protocol is the most basic of the Paxos family. Each "instance" (or "execution") of the basic Paxos protocol decides on a single output value. The protocol proceeds over several rounds. A successful round has 2 phases: phase 1 (which is divided into parts a and b) and phase 2 (which is divided into parts a and b). See below the description of the phases. Remember that we assume an asynchronous model, so e.g. a processor may be in one phase while another processor may be in another.
Phase 1
Phase 1a: Prepare
A Proposer creates a message, which we call a "Prepare", identified with a number n. Note that n is not the value to be proposed and maybe agreed on, but just a number which uniquely identifies this initial message by the proposer (to be sent to the acceptors). The number n must be greater than any number used in any of the previous Prepare messages by this Proposer. Then, it sends the Prepare message containing n to at least a Quorum of Acceptors. Note that the Prepare message only contains the number n (that is, it does not have to contain e.g. the proposed value, often denoted by v). The Proposer decides who is in the Quorum. A Proposer should not initiate Paxos if it cannot communicate with at least a Quorum of Acceptors.
Phase 1b: Promise
Any of the Acceptors waits for a Prepare message from any of the Proposers. If an Acceptor receives a Prepare message, the Acceptor must look at the identifier number n of the just received Prepare message. There are two cases.
If n is higher than every previous proposal number received, from any of the Proposers, by the Acceptor, then the Acceptor must return a message, which we call a "Promise", to the Proposer, to ignore all future proposals having a number less than n. If the Acceptor accepted a proposal at some point in the past, it must include the previous proposal number, say m, and the corresponding accepted value, say w, in its response to the Proposer.
Otherwise (that is, n is less than or equal to any previous proposal number received from any Proposer by the Acceptor) the Acceptor can ignore the received proposal. It does not have to answer in this case for Paxos to work. However, for the sake of optimization, sending a denial (Nack) response would tell the Proposer that it can stop its attempt to create consensus with proposal n.
Phase 2
Phase 2a: Accept
If a Proposer receives Promises from a Quorum of Acceptors, it needs to set a value v to its proposal. If any Acceptors had previously accepted any proposal, then they'll have sent their values to the Proposer, who now must set the value of its proposal, v, to the value associated with the highest proposal number reported by the Acceptors, let's call it z. If none of the Acceptors had accepted a proposal up to this point, then the Proposer may choose the value it originally wanted to propose, say x.
The Proposer sends an Accept message, (n, v), to a Quorum of Acceptors with the chosen value for its proposal, v, and the proposal number n (which is the same as the number contained in the Prepare message previously sent to the Acceptors). So, the Accept message is either (n, v=z) or, in case none of the Acceptors previously accepted a value, (n, v=x).
This Accept message should be interpreted as a "request", as in "Accept this proposal, please!".
Phase 2b: Accepted
If an Acceptor receives an Accept message, (n, v), from a Proposer, it must accept it if and only if it has not already promised (in Phase 1b of the Paxos protocol) to only consider proposals having an identifier greater than n.
If the Acceptor has not already promised (in Phase 1b) to only consider proposals having an identifier greater than n, it should register the value v (of the just received Accept message) as the accepted value (of the Protocol), and send an Accepted message to the Proposer and every Learner (which can typically be the Proposers themselves. Learners will learn the decided value ONLY AFTER receiving Accepted messages from a majority of acceptors, which means, NOT after receiving just the FIRST Accept message).
Else, it can ignore the Accept message or request.
Note that consensus is achieved when a majority of Acceptors accept the same identifier number (rather than the same value). Because each identifier is unique to a Proposer and only one value may be proposed per identifier, all Acceptors that accept the same identifier thereby accept the same value. These facts result in a few counter-intuitive scenarios that do not impact correctness: Acceptors can accept multiple values, a value may achieve a majority across Acceptors (with different identifiers) only to later be changed, and Acceptors may continue to accept proposals after an identifier has achieved a majority. However, the Paxos protocol guarantees that consensus is permanent and the chosen value is immutable.
When rounds fail
Rounds fail when multiple Proposers send conflicting Prepare messages, or when the Proposer does not receive a Quorum of responses (Promise or Accepted). In these cases, another round must be started with a higher proposal number.
Paxos can be used to select a leader
Notice that a Proposer in Paxos could propose "I am the leader," (or, for example, "Proposer X is the leader"). Because of the agreement and validity guarantees of Paxos, if accepted by a Quorum, then the Proposer is now known to be the leader to all other nodes. This satisfies the needs of leader election because there is a single node believing it is the leader and a single node known to be the leader at all times.
Graphic representation of the flow of messages in the basic Paxos
The following diagrams represent several cases/situations of the application of the Basic Paxos protocol. Some cases show how the Basic Paxos protocol copes with the failure of certain (redundant) components of the distributed system.
Note that the values returned in the Promise message are "null" the first time a proposal is made (since no Acceptor has accepted a value before in this round).
Basic Paxos without failures
In the diagram below, there is 1 Client, 1 Proposer, 3 Acceptors (i.e. the Quorum size is 3) and 2 Learners (represented by the 2 vertical lines). This diagram represents the case of a first round, which is successful (i.e. no process in the network fails).
Here, V is the last of (Va, Vb, Vc).
Error cases in basic Paxos
The simplest error cases are the failure of an Acceptor (when a Quorum of Acceptors remains alive) and failure of a redundant Learner. In these cases, the protocol requires no "recovery" (i.e. it still succeeds): no additional rounds or messages are required, as shown below (in the next two diagrams/cases).
Basic Paxos when an Acceptor fails
In the following diagram, one of the Acceptors in the Quorum fails, so the Quorum size becomes 2. In this case, the Basic Paxos protocol still succeeds.
Client Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | |
X-------->| | | | | | Request
| X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(1)
| | | | ! | | !! FAIL !!
| |<---------X--X | | Promise(1,{Va, Vb, null})
| X--------->|->| | | Accept!(1,V)
| |<---------X--X--------->|->| Accepted(1,V)
|<---------------------------------X--X Response
| | | | | |
Basic Paxos when a redundant learner fails
In the following case, one of the (redundant) Learners fails, but the Basic Paxos protocol still succeeds.
Client Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | |
X-------->| | | | | | Request
| X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(1)
| |<---------X--X--X | | Promise(1,{Va,Vb,Vc})
| X--------->|->|->| | | Accept!(1,V)
| |<---------X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(1,V)
| | | | | | ! !! FAIL !!
|<---------------------------------X Response
| | | | | |
Basic Paxos when a Proposer fails
In this case, a Proposer fails after proposing a value, but before the agreement is reached. Specifically, it fails in the middle of the Accept message, so only one Acceptor of the Quorum receives the value. Meanwhile, a new Leader (a Proposer) is elected (but this is not shown in detail). Note that there are 2 rounds in this case (rounds proceed vertically, from the top to the bottom).
Client Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | |
X----->| | | | | | Request
| X------------>|->|->| | | Prepare(1)
| |<------------X--X--X | | Promise(1,{Va, Vb, Vc})
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | !! Leader fails during broadcast !!
| X------------>| | | | | Accept!(1,V)
| ! | | | | |
| | | | | | | !! NEW LEADER !!
| X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(2)
| |<---------X--X--X | | Promise(2,{V, null, null})
| X--------->|->|->| | | Accept!(2,V)
| |<---------X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(2,V)
|<---------------------------------X--X Response
| | | | | | |
Basic Paxos when multiple Proposers conflict
The most complex case is when multiple Proposers believe themselves to be Leaders. For instance, the current leader may fail and later recover, but the other Proposers have already re-selected a new leader. The recovered leader has not learned this yet and attempts to begin one round in conflict with the current leader. In the diagram below, 4 unsuccessful rounds are shown, but there could be more (as suggested at the bottom of the diagram).
Client Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | |
X----->| | | | | | Request
| X------------>|->|->| | | Prepare(1)
| |<------------X--X--X | | Promise(1,{null,null,null})
| ! | | | | | !! LEADER FAILS
| | | | | | | !! NEW LEADER (knows last number was 1)
| X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(2)
| |<---------X--X--X | | Promise(2,{null,null,null})
| | | | | | | | !! OLD LEADER recovers
| | | | | | | | !! OLD LEADER tries 2, denied
| X------------>|->|->| | | Prepare(2)
| |<------------X--X--X | | Nack(2)
| | | | | | | | !! OLD LEADER tries 3
| X------------>|->|->| | | Prepare(3)
| |<------------X--X--X | | Promise(3,{null,null,null})
| | | | | | | | !! NEW LEADER proposes, denied
| | X--------->|->|->| | | Accept!(2,Va)
| | |<---------X--X--X | | Nack(3)
| | | | | | | | !! NEW LEADER tries 4
| | X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(4)
| | |<---------X--X--X | | Promise(4,{null,null,null})
| | | | | | | | !! OLD LEADER proposes, denied
| X------------>|->|->| | | Accept!(3,Vb)
| |<------------X--X--X | | Nack(4)
| | | | | | | | ... and so on ...
Basic Paxos where an Acceptor accepts Two Different Values
In the following case, one Proposer achieves acceptance of value V1 by one Acceptor before failing. A new Proposer prepares the Acceptors that never accepted V1, allowing it to propose V2. Then V2 is accepted by all Acceptors, including the one that initially accepted V1.
Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | |
X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(1)
|<---------X--X--X | | Promise(1,{null,null,null})
x--------->| | | | | Accept!(1,V1)
| | X------------>|->| Accepted(1,V1)
! | | | | | | !! FAIL !!
| | | | | |
X--------->|->| | | Prepare(2)
|<---------X--X | | Promise(2,{null,null})
X------>|->|->| | | Accept!(2,V2)
|<------X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(2,V2)
| | | | | |
Basic Paxos where a multi-identifier majority is insufficient
In the following case, one Proposer achieves acceptance of value V1 of one Acceptor before failing. A new Proposer prepares the Acceptors that never accepted V1, allowing it to propose V2. This Proposer is able to get one Acceptor to accept V2 before failing. A new Proposer finds a majority that includes the Acceptor that has accepted V1, and must propose it. The Proposer manages to get two Acceptors to accept it before failing. At this point, three Acceptors have accepted V1, but not for the same identifier. Finally, a new Proposer prepares the majority that has not seen the largest accepted identifier. The value associated with the largest identifier in that majority is V2, so it must propose it. This Proposer then gets all Acceptors to accept V2, achieving consensus.
Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | | | | | |
X--------------->|->|->|->|->| | | Prepare(1)
|<---------------X--X--X--X--X | | Promise(1,{null,null,null,null,null})
x--------------->| | | | | | | Accept!(1,V1)
| | | | X------------------>|->| Accepted(1,V1)
! | | | | | | | | | | !! FAIL !!
| | | | | | | | | |
X--------------->|->|->|->| | | Prepare(2)
|<---------------X--X--X--X | | Promise(2,{null,null,null,null})
X--------------->| | | | | | Accept!(2,V2)
| | | | X--------------->|->| Accepted(2,V2)
! | | | | | | | | | !! FAIL !!
| | | | | | | | |
X--------->|---->|->|->| | | Prepare(3)
|<---------X-----X--X--X | | Promise(3,{V1,null,null,null})
X--------------->|->| | | | Accept!(3,V1)
| | | | X--X--------->|->| Accepted(3,V1)
! | | | | | | | | !! FAIL !!
| | | | | | | |
X------>|->|------->| | | Prepare(4)
|<------X--X--|--|--X | | Promise(4,{V1(1),V2(2),null})
X------>|->|->|->|->| | | Accept!(4,V2)
| X--X--X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(4,V2)
Basic Paxos where new Proposers cannot change an existing consensus
In the following case, one Proposer achieves acceptance of value V1 of two Acceptors before failing. A new Proposer may start another round, but it is now impossible for that proposer to prepare a majority that doesn't include at least one Acceptor that has accepted V1. As such, even though the Proposer doesn't see the existing consensus, the Proposer's only option is to propose the value already agreed upon. New Proposers can continually increase the identifier to restart the process, but the consensus can never be changed.
Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | |
X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(1)
|<---------X--X--X | | Promise(1,{null,null,null})
x--------->|->| | | | Accept!(1,V1)
| | X--X--------->|->| Accepted(1,V1)
! | | | | | | !! FAIL !!
| | | | | |
X--------->|->| | | Prepare(2)
|<---------X--X | | Promise(2,{V1,null})
X------>|->|->| | | Accept!(2,V1)
|<------X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(2,V1)
| | | | | |
Multi-Paxos
A typical deployment of Paxos requires a continuous stream of agreed values acting as commands to a distributed state machine. If each command is the result of a single instance of the Basic Paxos protocol, a significant amount of overhead would result.
If the leader is relatively stable, phase 1 becomes unnecessary. Thus, it is possible to skip phase 1 for future instances of the protocol with the same leader.
To achieve this, the round number is included along with each value which is incremented in each round by the same Leader. Multi-Paxos reduces the failure-free message delay (proposal to learning) from 4 delays to 2 delays.
Graphic representation of the flow of messages in the Multi-Paxos
Multi-Paxos without failures
In the following diagram, only one instance (or "execution") of the basic Paxos protocol, with an initial Leader (a Proposer), is shown. Note that a Multi-Paxos consists of several instances of the basic Paxos protocol.
Client Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | | --- First Request ---
X-------->| | | | | | Request
| X--------->|->|->| | | Prepare(N)
| |<---------X--X--X | | Promise(N,I,{Va,Vb,Vc})
| X--------->|->|->| | | Accept!(N,I,V)
| |<---------X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(N,I,V)
|<---------------------------------X--X Response
| | | | | | |
where V = last of (Va, Vb, Vc).
Multi-Paxos when phase 1 can be skipped
In this case, subsequent instances of the basic Paxos protocol (represented by I+1) use the same leader, so the phase 1 (of these subsequent instances of the basic Paxos protocol), which consist of the Prepare and Promise sub-phases, is skipped. Note that the Leader should be stable, i.e. it should not crash or change.
Client Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | | --- Following Requests ---
X-------->| | | | | | Request
| X--------->|->|->| | | Accept!(N,I+1,W)
| |<---------X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(N,I+1,W)
|<---------------------------------X--X Response
| | | | | | |
Multi-Paxos when roles are collapsed
A common deployment of the Multi-Paxos consists in collapsing the role of the Proposers, Acceptors and Learners to "Servers". So, in the end, there are only "Clients" and "Servers".
The following diagram represents the first "instance" of a basic Paxos protocol, when the roles of the Proposer, Acceptor and Learner are collapsed to a single role, called the "Server".
Client Servers
| | | | --- First Request ---
X-------->| | | Request
| X->|->| Prepare(N)
| |<-X--X Promise(N, I, {Va, Vb})
| X->|->| Accept!(N, I, Vn)
| X<>X<>X Accepted(N, I)
|<--------X | | Response
| | | |
Multi-Paxos when roles are collapsed and the leader is steady
In the subsequent instances of the basic Paxos protocol, with the same leader as in the previous instances of the basic Paxos protocol, the phase 1 can be skipped.
Client Servers
X-------->| | | Request
| X->|->| Accept!(N,I+1,W)
| X<>X<>X Accepted(N,I+1)
|<--------X | | Response
| | | |
Optimisations
A number of optimisations can be performed to reduce the number of exchanged messages, to improve the performance of the protocol, etc. A few of these optimisations are reported below.
"We can save messages at the cost of an extra message delay by having a single distinguished learner that informs the other learners when it finds out that a value has been chosen. Acceptors then send Accepted messages only to the distinguished learner. In most applications, the roles of leader and distinguished learner are performed by the same processor.
"A leader can send its Prepare and Accept! messages just to a quorum of acceptors. As long as all acceptors in that quorum are working and can communicate with the leader and the learners, there is no need for acceptors not in the quorum to do anything.
"Acceptors do not care what value is chosen. They simply respond to Prepare and Accept! messages to ensure that, despite failures, only a single value can be chosen. However, if an acceptor does learn what value has been chosen, it can store the value in stable storage and erase any other information it has saved there. If the acceptor later receives a Prepare or Accept! message, instead of performing its Phase1b or Phase2b action, it can simply inform the leader of the chosen value.
"Instead of sending the value v, the leader can send a hash of v to some acceptors in its Accept! messages. A learner will learn that v is chosen if it receives Accepted messages for either v or its hash from a quorum of acceptors, and at least one of those messages contains v rather than its hash. However, a leader could receive Promise messages that tell it the hash of a value v that it must use in its Phase2a action without telling it the actual value of v. If that happens, the leader cannot execute its Phase2a action until it communicates with some process that knows v."
"A proposer can send its proposal only to the leader rather than to all coordinators. However, this requires that the result of the leader-selection algorithm be broadcast to the proposers, which might be expensive. So, it might be better to let the proposer send its proposal to all coordinators. (In that case, only the coordinators themselves need to know who the leader is.)
"Instead of each acceptor sending Accepted messages to each learner, acceptors can send their Accepted messages to the leader and the leader can inform the learners when a value has been chosen. However, this adds an extra message delay.
"Finally, observe that phase 1 is unnecessary for round 1 .. The leader of round 1 can begin the round by sending an Accept! message with any proposed value."
Cheap Paxos
Cheap Paxos extends Basic Paxos to tolerate F failures with F+1 main processors and F auxiliary processors by dynamically reconfiguring after each failure.
This reduction in processor requirements comes at the expense of liveness; if too many main processors fail in a short time, the system must halt until the auxiliary processors can reconfigure the system. During stable periods, the auxiliary processors take no part in the protocol.
"With only two processors p and q, one processor cannot distinguish failure of the other processor from failure of the communication medium. A third processor is needed. However, that third processor does not have to participate in choosing the sequence of commands. It must take action only in case p or q fails, after which it does nothing while either p or q continues to operate the system by itself. The third processor can therefore be a small/slow/cheap one, or a processor primarily devoted to other tasks."
Message flow: Cheap Multi-Paxos
An example involving three main acceptors, one auxiliary acceptor and quorum size of three, showing failure of one main processor and subsequent reconfiguration:
{ Acceptors }
Proposer Main Aux Learner
| | | | | | -- Phase 2 --
X----------->|->|->| | | Accept!(N,I,V)
| | | ! | | --- FAIL! ---
|<-----------X--X--------------->| Accepted(N,I,V)
| | | | | -- Failure detected (only 2 accepted) --
X----------->|->|------->| | Accept!(N,I,V) (re-transmit, include Aux)
|<-----------X--X--------X------>| Accepted(N,I,V)
| | | | | -- Reconfigure : Quorum = 2 --
X----------->|->| | | Accept!(N,I+1,W) (Aux not participating)
|<-----------X--X--------------->| Accepted(N,I+1,W)
| | | | |
Fast Paxos
Fast Paxos generalizes Basic Paxos to reduce end-to-end message delays. In Basic Paxos, the message delay from client request to learning is 3 message delays. Fast Paxos allows 2 message delays, but requires that (1) the system be composed of 3f+ 1 acceptors to tolerate up to f faults (instead of the classic 2f+1), and (2) the Client to send its request to multiple destinations.
Intuitively, if the leader has no value to propose, then a client could send an Accept! message to the Acceptors directly. The Acceptors would respond as in Basic Paxos, sending Accepted messages to the leader and every Learner achieving two message delays from Client to Learner.
If the leader detects a collision, it resolves the collision by sending Accept! messages for a new round which are Accepted as usual. This coordinated recovery technique requires four message delays from Client to Learner.
The final optimization occurs when the leader specifies a recovery technique in advance, allowing the Acceptors to perform the collision recovery themselves. Thus, uncoordinated collision recovery can occur in three message delays (and only two message delays if all Learners are also Acceptors).
Message flow: Fast Paxos, non-conflicting
Client Leader Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | | |
| X--------->|->|->|->| | | Any(N,I,Recovery)
| | | | | | | |
X------------------->|->|->|->| | | Accept!(N,I,W)
| |<---------X--X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(N,I,W)
|<------------------------------------X--X Response(W)
| | | | | | | |
Message flow: Fast Paxos, conflicting proposals
Conflicting proposals with coordinated recovery. Note: the protocol does not specify how to handle the dropped client request.
Client Leader Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | !! Concurrent conflicting proposals
| | | | | | | | | !! received in different order
| | | | | | | | | !! by the Acceptors
| X--------------?|-?|-?|-?| | | Accept!(N,I,V)
X-----------------?|-?|-?|-?| | | Accept!(N,I,W)
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | !! Acceptors disagree on value
| | |<-------X--X->|->|----->|->| Accepted(N,I,V)
| | |<-------|<-|<-X--X----->|->| Accepted(N,I,W)
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | !! Detect collision & recover
| | X------->|->|->|->| | | Accept!(N+1,I,W)
| | |<-------X--X--X--X----->|->| Accepted(N+1,I,W)
|<---------------------------------X--X Response(W)
| | | | | | | | |
Conflicting proposals with uncoordinated recovery.
Client Leader Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | | | |
| | X------->|->|->|->| | | Any(N,I,Recovery)
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | !! Concurrent conflicting proposals
| | | | | | | | | !! received in different order
| | | | | | | | | !! by the Acceptors
| X--------------?|-?|-?|-?| | | Accept!(N,I,V)
X-----------------?|-?|-?|-?| | | Accept!(N,I,W)
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | !! Acceptors disagree on value
| | |<-------X--X->|->|----->|->| Accepted(N,I,V)
| | |<-------|<-|<-X--X----->|->| Accepted(N,I,W)
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | !! Detect collision & recover
| | |<-------X--X--X--X----->|->| Accepted(N+1,I,W)
|<---------------------------------X--X Response(W)
| | | | | | | | |
Message flow: Fast Paxos with uncoordinated recovery, collapsed roles
(merged Acceptor/Learner roles)
Client Servers
| | | | | |
| | X->|->|->| Any(N,I,Recovery)
| | | | | |
| | | | | | !! Concurrent conflicting proposals
| | | | | | !! received in different order
| | | | | | !! by the Servers
| X--------?|-?|-?|-?| Accept!(N,I,V)
X-----------?|-?|-?|-?| Accept!(N,I,W)
| | | | | |
| | | | | | !! Servers disagree on value
| | X<>X->|->| Accepted(N,I,V)
| | |<-|<-X<>X Accepted(N,I,W)
| | | | | |
| | | | | | !! Detect collision & recover
| | X<>X<>X<>X Accepted(N+1,I,W)
|<-----------X--X--X--X Response(W)
| | | | | |
Generalized Paxos
Generalized consensus explores the relationship between the operations of the replicated state machine and the consensus protocol that implements it. The main discovery involves optimizations of Paxos when conflicting proposals could be applied in any order. i.e., when the proposed operations are commutative operations for the state machine. In such cases, the conflicting operations can both be accepted, avoiding the delays required for resolving conflicts and re-proposing the rejected operations.
This concept is further generalized into ever-growing sequences of commutative operations, some of which are known to be stable (and thus may be executed). The protocol tracks these sequences ensuring that all proposed operations of one sequence are stabilized before allowing any operation non-commuting with them to become stable.
Example
In order to illustrate Generalized Paxos, the example below shows a message flow between two concurrently executing clients and a replicated state machine implementing read/write operations over two distinct registers A and B.
Note that in this table indicates operations which are non-commutative.
A possible sequence of operations :
<1:Read(A), 2:Read(B), 3:Write(B), 4:Read(B), 5:Read(A), 6:Write(A)>
Since 5:Read(A) commutes with both 3:Write(B) and 4:Read(B), one possible permutation equivalent to the previous order is the following:
<1:Read(A), 2:Read(B), 5:Read(A), 3:Write(B), 4:Read(B), 6:Write(A)>
In practice, a commute occurs only when operations are proposed concurrently.
Message flow: Generalized Paxos (example)
Responses not shown. Note: message abbreviations differ from previous message flows due to specifics of the protocol, see for a full discussion.
Client Leader Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | | | !! New Leader Begins Round
| | X----->|->|->| | | Prepare(N)
| | |<-----X- X- X | | Promise(N,null)
| | X----->|->|->| | | Phase2Start(N,null)
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | !! Concurrent commuting proposals
| X------- ?|-----?|-?|-?| | | Propose(ReadA)
X-----------?|-----?|-?|-?| | | Propose(ReadB)
| | X------X-------------->|->| Accepted(N,<ReadA,ReadB>)
| | |<--------X--X-------->|->| Accepted(N,<ReadB,ReadA>)
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | !! No Conflict, both accepted
| | | | | | | | Stable = <ReadA, ReadB>
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | !! Concurrent conflicting proposals
X-----------?|-----?|-?|-?| | | Propose(<WriteB,ReadA>)
| X--------?|-----?|-?|-?| | | Propose(ReadB)
| | | | | | | |
| | X------X-------------->|->| Accepted(N,<WriteB,ReadA> . <ReadB>)
| | |<--------X--X-------->|->| Accepted(N,<ReadB> . <WriteB,ReadA>)
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | !! Conflict detected, leader chooses
| | | | | | | | commutative order:
| | | | | | | | V = <ReadA, WriteB, ReadB>
| | | | | | | |
| | X----->|->|->| | | Phase2Start(N+1,V)
| | |<-----X- X- X-------->|->| Accepted(N+1,V)
| | | | | | | | Stable = <ReadA, ReadB> .
| | | | | | | | <ReadA, WriteB, ReadB>
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | !! More conflicting proposals
X-----------?|-----?|-?|-?| | | Propose(WriteA)
| X--------?|-----?|-?|-?| | | Propose(ReadA)
| | | | | | | |
| | X------X-------------->|->| Accepted(N+1,<WriteA> . <ReadA>)
| | |<--------X- X-------->|->| Accepted(N+1,<ReadA> . <WriteA>)
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | !! Leader chooses order:
| | | | | | | | W = <WriteA, ReadA>
| | | | | | | |
| | X----->|->|->| | | Phase2Start(N+2,W)
| | |<-----X- X- X-------->|->| Accepted(N+2,W)
| | | | | | | | Stable = <ReadA, ReadB> .
| | | | | | | | <ReadA, WriteB, ReadB> .
| | | | | | | | <WriteA, ReadA>
| | | | | | | |
Performance
The above message flow shows us that Generalized Paxos can leverage operation semantics to avoid collisions when the spontaneous ordering of the network fails. This allows the protocol to be in practice quicker than Fast Paxos. However, when a collision occurs, Generalized Paxos needs two additional round trips to recover. This situation is illustrated with operations WriteB and ReadB in the above schema.
In the general case, such round trips are unavoidable and come from the fact that multiple commands can be accepted during a round. This makes the protocol more expensive than Paxos when conflicts are frequent. Hopefully two possible refinements of Generalized Paxos are possible to improve recovery time.
First, if the coordinator is part of every quorum of acceptors (round N is said centered), then to recover at round N+1 from a collision at round N, the coordinator skips phase 1 and proposes at phase 2 the sequence it accepted last during round N. This reduces the cost of recovery to a single round trip.
Second, if both rounds N and N+1 use a unique and identical centered quorum, when an acceptor detects a collision at round N, it spontaneously proposes at round N+1 a sequence suffixing both (i) the sequence accepted at round N by the coordinator and (ii) the greatest non-conflicting prefix it accepted at round N. For instance, if the coordinator and the acceptor accepted respectively at round N <WriteB, ReadB> and <ReadB, ReadA> , the acceptor will spontaneously accept <WriteB, ReadB, ReadA> at round N+1. With this variation, the cost of recovery is a single message delay which is obviously optimal. Notice here that the use of a unique quorum at a round does not harm liveness. This comes from the fact that any process in this quorum is a read quorum for the prepare phase of the next rounds.
Byzantine Paxos
Paxos may also be extended to support arbitrary failures of the participants, including lying, fabrication of messages, collusion with other participants, selective non-participation, etc. These types of failures are called Byzantine failures, after the solution popularized by Lamport.
Byzantine Paxos introduced by Castro and Liskov adds an extra message (Verify) which acts to distribute knowledge and verify the actions of the other processors:
Message flow: Byzantine Multi-Paxos, steady state
Client Proposer Acceptor Learner
| | | | | | |
X-------->| | | | | | Request
| X--------->|->|->| | | Accept!(N,I,V)
| | X<>X<>X | | Verify(N,I,V) - BROADCAST
| |<---------X--X--X------>|->| Accepted(N,V)
|<---------------------------------X--X Response(V)
| | | | | | |
Fast Byzantine Paxos introduced by Martin and Alvisi removes this extra delay, since the client sends commands directly to the Acceptors.
Note the Accepted message in Fast Byzantine Paxos is sent to all Acceptors and all Learners, while Fast Paxos sends Accepted messages only to Learners):
Message flow: Fast Byzantine Multi-Paxos, steady state
Client Acceptor Learner
| | | | | |
X----->|->|->| | | Accept!(N,I,V)
| X<>X<>X------>|->| Accepted(N,I,V) - BROADCAST
|<-------------------X--X Response(V)
| | | | | |
The failure scenario is the same for both protocols; Each Learner waits to receive F+1 identical messages from different Acceptors. If this does not occur, the Acceptors themselves will also be aware of it (since they exchanged each other's messages in the broadcast round), and correct Acceptors will re-broadcast the agreed value:
Message flow: Fast Byzantine Multi-Paxos, failure
Client Acceptor Learner
| | | ! | | !! One Acceptor is faulty
X----->|->|->! | | Accept!(N,I,V)
| X<>X<>X------>|->| Accepted(N,I,{V,W}) - BROADCAST
| | | ! | | !! Learners receive 2 different commands
| | | ! | | !! Correct Acceptors notice error and choose
| X<>X<>X------>|->| Accepted(N,I,V) - BROADCAST
|<-------------------X--X Response(V)
| | | ! | |
Adapting Paxos for RDMA networks
With the emergence of very high speed reliable datacenter networks that support remote DMA (RDMA), there has been substantial interest in optimizing Paxos to leverage hardware offloading, in which the network interface card and network routers provide reliability and network-layer congestion control, freeing the host CPU for other tasks. The Derecho C++ Paxos library is an open-source Paxos implementation that explores this option.
Derecho offers both a classic Paxos, with data durability across full shutdown/restart sequences, and vertical Paxos (atomic multicast), for in-memory replication and state-machine synchronization. The Paxos protocols employed by Derecho needed to be adapted to maximize asynchronous data streaming and remove other sources of delay on the leader's critical path. So doing enables Derecho to sustain the full bidirectional RDMA data rate. In contrast, although traditional Paxos protocols can be migrated to an RDMA network by simply mapping the message send operations to native RDMA operations, doing so leaves round-trip delays on the critical path. In high-speed RDMA networks, even small delays can be large enough to prevent utilization of the full potential bandwidth.
Production use of Paxos
Google uses the Paxos algorithm in their Chubby distributed lock service in order to keep replicas consistent in case of failure. Chubby is used by Bigtable which is now in production in Google Analytics and other products.
Google Spanner and Megastore use the Paxos algorithm internally.
The OpenReplica replication service uses Paxos to maintain replicas for an open access system that enables users to create fault-tolerant objects. It provides high performance through concurrent rounds and flexibility through dynamic membership changes.
IBM supposedly uses the Paxos algorithm in their IBM SAN Volume Controller product to implement a general purpose fault-tolerant virtual machine used to run the configuration and control components of the storage virtualization services offered by the cluster. (Original MIT & IBM research paper)
Microsoft uses Paxos in the Autopilot cluster management service from Bing, and in Windows Server Failover Clustering.
WANdisco have implemented Paxos within their DConE active-active replication technology.
XtreemFS uses a Paxos-based lease negotiation algorithm for fault-tolerant and consistent replication of file data and metadata.
Heroku uses Doozerd which implements Paxos for its consistent distributed data store.
Ceph uses Paxos as part of the monitor processes to agree which OSDs are up and in the cluster.
The MariaDB Xpand distributed SQL database uses Paxos for distributed transaction resolution.
Neo4j HA graph database implements Paxos, replacing Apache ZooKeeper from v1.9
Apache Cassandra NoSQL database uses Paxos for Light Weight Transaction feature only
Amazon Elastic Container Services uses Paxos to maintain a consistent view of cluster state
Amazon DynamoDB uses the Paxos algorithm for leader election and consensus.
See also
Two generals problem
Chandra–Toueg consensus algorithm
State machine
Raft
References
External links
Leslie Lamport's home page
Paxos Made Simple
Paxos Made Moderately Complex
Revisiting the Paxos Algorithm
Paxos Commit
Google Whitepaper: Chubby Distributed Lock Service
Google Whitepaper: Bigtable A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data
Survey of Paxos Algorithms (2007)
OpenReplica Open Replication Service
FTFile: Fault Tolerant File library
Isis2 library (the SafeSend primitive is a free, open source implementation of Paxos)
Mencius - Circular rotating Paxos for geo-distributed systems
WANdisco - Active-Active Replication solutions for Hadoop, Subversion & GIT
libpaxos, a collection of open source implementations of the Paxos algorithm
libpaxos-cpp, a C++ implementation of the paxos distributed consensus algorithm
JBP - Java Byzantine Paxos
erlpaxos, Paxos by Erlang
paxos - Straight-forward paxos implementation in Python & Java
Manhattan Paxos (mpaxos), Paxos in C, supporting multiple paxos groups and efficient transactions across them.
Clustering with Neo4j
HT-Paxos
PaxosStore, paxos implementation in WeChat
LWT in Cassandra
Google TechTalks: The Paxos Algorithm
Distributed algorithms
Fault-tolerant computer systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanora%2C%20Queensland
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Wanora, Queensland
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Wanora is a rural locality in the Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wanora had a population of 265 people.
References
External links
Suburbs of Somerset Region
Localities in Queensland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg%20at%20the%202018%20European%20Championships
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Luxembourg at the 2018 European Championships
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Luxembourg competed at the inaugural 7 sports 2018 European Championships from 2 to 12 August 2018. It competed in 4 sports.
External links
European Championships official site
2018
Nations at the 2018 European Championships
2018 in Luxembourgian sport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20Oil%20Building
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Imperial Oil Building
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The Imperial Oil Building, now known as Imperial Plaza, is a skyscraper located at 111 St. Clair Avenue West in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The 21-storey building was completed in 1957 as the headquarters of Imperial Oil, Canada's largest oil company. The building's design had previously been rejected for a proposed new Toronto City Hall. After several decades of use as the head office of Imperial Oil, the building was sold in 2010 and converted into a condominium apartment building.
Description
The building sits atop a high escarpment with a commanding view to the south, and before the construction of the downtown banking towers in the late 1960s, the top floor observation deck was, at almost 800 feet (244 metres) above sea level, the highest point in Toronto; on a clear day visitors could see the rising spray from Niagara Falls, across Lake Ontario.
The interior layout in its office days was based on the 'core' concept, with most offices having windows and with the various service elements (elevators and meeting rooms) clustered in the center. With its thick walls, relatively small windows, a built-in cafeteria, a location separated from major targets, and large offices that could be converted to wards, the IOB was designed to be used, in the event of nuclear attack, as an alternative hospital.
The ground floor lobby features a famous mural, "The Story of Oil", executed by York Wilson in 1957. Three years in the planning and construction, the two panels of the diptych are each 25 feet by 32 feet; the left-hand side of the mural depicts the nature of oil from its prehistoric origins, while the right-hand panel portrays the modern benefits of its exploitation. The mural is made of vinyl acetate and is mounted to the wall in such a way that vibrations in the building will not be transmitted to the artwork, possibly causing it to crack. In addition, a ventilation system behind the same wall prevents moisture collecting on the material. Crawley Films of Ottawa was engaged to document the artwork's realization.
A three-part mural by Oscar Cahén was completed in 1956, for the building's staff lounge and dining facility on the eighth floor. These were abstract compositions in bold, bright colours, one with a sun motif. Painted on canvas, two sections were de-installed in 1979 and are now owned by the Robert McLaughlin Gallery in Oshawa, Ontario. As of 2014, they await conservation and a permanent home. The third section was lost.
History
The architectural model for this building was originally a proposed design for a new Toronto City Hall. However, Nathan Phillips, Toronto's mayor in 1955, rejected the Mathers and Haldenby design for city hall and opened the commission to an international competition that was eventually won by Finnish architect Viljo Revell. Imperial Oil, in search of a design for their Toronto head office, bought the design from Mathers and Haldenby.
During construction, catering to the wealthy local residents, welding was used, rather than the then-customary and much noisier riveting technique. The building, on completion, was the largest all-welded steel frame building in the world.
When Imperial Oil assembled the residential properties for the site, Isabel Massie, owner of a house at 59 Foxbar Road, on a long angular lot at the rear of the site, refused to sell, despite being offered up to $100,000 for her house, at the time a princely sum. As a result, Imperial Oil had to move its building closer to St. Clair Avenue than planned. Until she died in 1964, her property jutted into the Imperial Oil parking lot, an icon of a citizen's refusal to give in to a corporation. Her heirs sold the house for $70,000 to Imperial Oil, which demolished it to expand the parking lot. The last traces of Isabel Massie's house, roughly across the street from 38 Foxbar Road, were dug up in 2012 when the subsequent owner excavated for an underground parking garage.
Closure
As announced in a press conference on September 29, 2004, Imperial Oil re-located to Calgary, Alberta (some corporate operations moved to the Esso Building at 90 Wynford Drive in the Don Mills district). Thereafter, the building was unoccupied for several years. Soil testing before the property was listed for sale found that sand about 40 feet below the eastern part of the parking lot was contaminated with heating oil that had leaked from an underground storage tank. The soil was then excavated and replaced.
In preparation for the sale, Imperial Oil told Deer Park United Church next door that they would no longer supply building heat to the church, effective July 2008. This led the dwindling congregation to vacate the church building and share space with a nearby Presbyterian congregation (Calvin Presbyterian Church) which had split off from the original Deer Park congregation in the mid 1920s. The church building remains vacant as of late 2016, but it is slated for incorporation into a new condominium development, named "Blue Diamond".
Imperial Plaza
The Imperial Oil building was sold in the summer of 2010 to condominium developer Camrost-Felcorp, which then began converting it into a condominium apartment building. At the same time, the church building next door was sold to a related developer, who subsequently sold a major interest to Camrost-Felcorp. The Imperial Oil building is now known as "Imperial Plaza". In addition to residential condominium units, the building includes an LCBO store and an upscale grocery store on the main floor.
The developers secured the City of Toronto's approval for a second tower near the southeast corner of the site, a third tower replacing most but not all of the former Deer Park United Church building, and 17 townhouses along the Foxbar Road frontage. As of February 2017, the tower near the southeast corner is under construction, and its street address is 101 St. Clair Avenue West. It is planned as a 26-storey building that will contain 229 high-end rental apartment units.
See also
Fifth Avenue Place (Calgary), Imperial Oil's current headquarters in Calgary
References
Notes
External links
Imperial Plaza website
1957 establishments in Ontario
ExxonMobil buildings and structures
Headquarters in Canada
Modernist architecture in Canada
Skyscraper office buildings in Toronto
Office buildings completed in 1957
Residential skyscrapers in Toronto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20Hook
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Grey Hook
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Grey Hook is a historic home located at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. It was built in 1911 and is a 1-story, two-bay-wide concrete block Bungalow-style dwelling. It features a roof that sweeps out over the porch with concrete block columns and balustrade.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1911
Houses in Poughkeepsie, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Poughkeepsie, New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baran-Atru%20Assembly%20constituency
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Baran-Atru Assembly constituency
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Baran-Atru Legislative Assembly constituency is one of the 200 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan state in India.
It is part of Baran district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Election results
2018
See also
List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
Baran district
References
Baran district
Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Fiesta%20Bowl
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2007 Fiesta Bowl
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The 2007 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played as part of the 2006–2007 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The game was played on January 1, 2007, at its new venue, the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The matchup pitted the Big 12 champion No. 7 Oklahoma Sooners against the WAC champion No. 9 Boise State Broncos. The contest was televised on Fox. With this broadcast, the Fiesta Bowl became the first bowl game to air on all the "big four" television networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC); the Orange Bowl became the second the following night.
Oklahoma was the designated home team and was favored by 7½ points, but Boise State raced out to a 21-10 halftime lead. The second half featured a memorable series of back-and-forth events: Oklahoma scoring 25 consecutive points to take its first lead of the game with just over one minute remaining, the teams trading 22 points in the final 1:26 of regulation to send the game into overtime, and Boise State completing three do-or-die trick plays (including multiple 4th-down conversions and a two-point conversion) in order to secure the win by one point.
Pre-game buildup
During the summer preceding the season, Oklahoma was hyped to be a top 5 team and national title contender. They initially were the favorite to win the Big 12 South. Following the dismissal of OU's returning quarterback Rhett Bomar, many felt the defending national champion Texas Longhorns were now the favorite (the Sooners dropped six spots in the Coaches Poll during the first two weeks of the season despite winning both of those weeks). The Sooners opened their season 3–2 with a controversial loss to Oregon and a loss to Texas. The Sooners also lost their Heisman-hopeful running back Adrian Peterson during their sixth game to a broken collar bone. Many had written the Sooners off at this point. However, the Sooners won their next seven games while Texas lost their last two and the Sooners became the outright winners of the Big 12 South and faced the Big 12 North winner, Nebraska, in the Big 12 Championship Game. They won that game 21–7 and were given an automatic berth to represent the Big 12 in the Fiesta Bowl.
The Boise State Broncos, who returned more starters from 2005 than any other team in NCAA Division I-A football, began the year with high hopes; according to one major source, anything less than a BCS Bowl berth would have been a disappointment. First-year head coach Chris Petersen led this perennially strong BCS non-AQ conference school to an undefeated 12–0 record. Some of the Broncos key wins this season came over Oregon State of the Pac-10 Conference, Hawaii and Fresno State. Boise State was the champion of the Western Athletic Conference.
New stadium
The Fiesta Bowl has been played annually since 1971, and from then until 2005 the game was hosted in Tempe, Arizona at Sun Devil Stadium, home stadium to the NFL's Arizona Cardinals and Pac-10's Arizona State Sun Devils. In 2006, the Cardinals completed a new home stadium (named University of Phoenix Stadium) in Glendale, Arizona, and the Fiesta Bowl followed them there. The new stadium is state-of-the-art with an inclined retractable roof and fully retractable natural grass playing surface. The stadium was also host to 2006 season BCS National Championship Game held on January 8, 2007 and hosted Super Bowl XLII in 2008. The capacity of the new stadium is 63,500, although for this game and the BCS National Championship Game, extra seats were added in the south end of the stadium to increase capacity to about 70,000.
Scoring summary
First quarter
Boise State Drisan James 49 yard touchdown pass from Jared Zabransky. (Anthony Montgomery kick good) (9:06) 7–0 Boise State
Boise State Ian Johnson 2 yard touchdown run (Montgomery kick good). (7:28) 14–0 Boise State
Oklahoma Manuel Johnson 7 yard touchdown pass from Paul Thompson (Garrett Hartley kick good). (0:26) 14–7 Boise State
Second quarter
Oklahoma Garrett Hartley 31 yard field goal. (5:38) 14–10 Boise State
Boise State Drisan James 32 yard pass from Jared Zabransky (Montgomery kick is good). (0:32) 21–10 Boise State
Third quarter
Boise State – Paul Thompson pass intercepted by Marty Tadman of Boise State, returned for a 27-yard touchdown (Anthony Montgomery kick good). (8:05) 28–10 Boise State
Oklahoma – Adrian Peterson 8 yard touchdown run (Hartley kick good). (4:29) 28–17 Boise State
Fourth quarter
Oklahoma – 28 yard field goal by Garrett Hartley. (14:57). 28–20 Boise State
Oklahoma – 5 yard touchdown pass from Thompson to Quentin Chaney (2-point conversion good, 6 yard pass from Thompson to Juaquin Iglesias.) (1:26) 28–28 Tie
Oklahoma – Jared Zabransky pass intercepted by Marcus Walker of Oklahoma, returned 34 yards for a touchdown (Hartley Kick good). (1:02). 35–28 Oklahoma
Boise State – 15 yard pass completed from Zabransky to James. James lateral to Jerard Rabb for the 35 yard touchdown run (Montgomery Kick good). (0:07). 35–35
Overtime
Oklahoma – 25 yard touchdown run by Peterson. (Hartley Kick good). 42–35 Oklahoma
Boise State – 6 yard touchdown pass from Vinny Perretta to Derek Schouman. (2-point conversion good, 3 yard run by Johnson, Statue of Liberty play). 43–42 Boise State
Game summary
The game was highlighted by Oklahoma scoring 25 consecutive points in the second half to take its first lead with 1:02 remaining, a combined 22 points scored in the final 1:26 of regulation plus 15 points in overtime, and three trick plays that helped Boise State win the game.
Oklahoma fell behind 14–0 early in the first quarter after a costly fumble deep in their own territory by quarterback Paul Thompson, which led to an Ian Johnson touchdown run two plays later. Boise State scored a touchdown on its final possession of the first half to take a 21–10 halftime lead. Midway through the third quarter Boise State intercepted a pass and ran it back for a touchdown, giving them a 28–10 lead.
Oklahoma then scored the next 25 points, starting by recovering a punt that struck the leg of a Boise State player deep in Broncos territory, which a few plays later led to Adrian Peterson scoring his first touchdown of the game to cut the Boise State lead to 28–17. The Sooners followed up with a Garrett Hartley field goal a few series later to close the gap to 28–20.
The final 1:26 of regulation
Wide receiver Quentin Chaney caught a tipped 5 yard TD pass from quarterback Paul Thompson with 1:26 remaining in the fourth quarter, bringing the Sooners to within two points at 28–26 Boise State.
OU then attempted a two-point conversion to tie the game. In a sign of the wildness to come, Oklahoma would require three attempts to complete the two-point conversion:
OU's first attempt was unsuccessful, but Boise State was called for pass interference.
OU succeeded on its second attempt, but the play was called back for illegal shift.
Finally, Thompson completed a pass to wide receiver Juaquin Iglesias on the third attempt, this time with no penalties, thus tying the game up at 28.
After the ensuing kickoff, on the next play from scrimmage, Boise State quarterback Jared Zabransky was intercepted by Marcus Walker, who returned it 34 yards for a touchdown. After the extra point, Oklahoma led 35–28 with 1:02 left, its first lead of the game.
On the ensuing drive Boise State drove to the OU 42. The next series of downs were not so successful for Boise State:
On first down, Zabransky was sacked for a loss of 8 yards.
On second down, Zabransky's pass was dropped.
On third down, Zabransky's pass was incomplete.
Boise State was thus facing fourth down with 18 yards needed for a first down and only 18 seconds left on the clock. Zabransky passed for 15 yards to Drisan James. With five Oklahoma defenders playing a "prevent" style defense to prevent a long conversion, James quickly scoop-passed the ball to an in-stride Jerard Rabb, who ran the ball along the left sideline an additional 35 yards for a touchdown. (The hook and lateral play—called "Circus" by Boise State—allowed for at least two more laterals. Johnson and Zabransky had trailed Rabb along the sideline as potential outlets or possibly as blockers.) The extra point tied the game up at 35 with just seven seconds remaining in regulation, and the game then went into overtime.
Overtime
Under college football rules, both teams in overtime are given one possession from their opponent's twenty-five yard line. A coin toss gives one team the choice, offense or defense first, or which end of the field. The winner of the toss generally chooses to be on defense first, to know how many points must be scored to win or tie on their offensive possession. The loser of the toss is left to choose the end of the field—usually the one with the largest proportion of their own team's fans so as to increase the crowd noise while their opponents are on offense. The team that is leading after both possessions is declared the winner and in the event of a tie, there is another overtime session with the order of the offensive and defensive possessions reversed. The end of the field is also changed with each overtime session.
Boise State won the coin toss and opted to play defense first. Oklahoma scored on their first play with a 25-yard run by Peterson, which would ultimately be his last collegiate touchdown and play. The extra point was good, making the score 42–35 Oklahoma. On Boise State's drive, the Broncos came down to 4th and 2 on the Sooners' 5 yard line and decided to run their second trick play, a wide receiver rollout option from a variant of the Wildcat offense. Zabransky ran in motion to his left while backup wide receiver Vinny Perretta, lined up as a running back, took the snap, rolled to his right, then threw a touchdown pass to tight end Derek Schouman, who had lined up as a wide receiver, to bring Boise State within one point at 42–41.
Instead of kicking the extra-point to tie the game and send it into a second overtime, Broncos coach Chris Petersen risked defeat to go for the two-point conversion to win. He ran their third trick play of the night. It was a variation of the Statue of Liberty play known to the team simply as "Statue Left", which was drawn up by backup quarterback Taylor Tharp. Boise State lined up three receivers on the right side. After the snap, Zabransky faked a quick pass to his right with his right hand, then quickly handed off the football backhanded with his left hand to running back Ian Johnson, who ran untouched into the end zone for the conversion and the win.
Postgame
During a postgame interview with FOX Sports on-field analyst Chris Myers, Johnson got down on one knee and proposed to his girlfriend, Boise State head cheerleader Chrissy Popadics, on live TV. Myers, however, spoiled the proposal by mentioning it before Johnson went to a knee. She accepted. Ian did not have a ring with him because he originally planned on proposing to Chrissy at Lagoon on their way home from the Fiesta Bowl, but he could not give up the opportunity to propose on national TV after scoring the game-winning two-point conversion. The couple married on July 28, 2007.
According to Ian Johnson, he received about 30 threatening letters which he handed over to the FBI, from people who objected to his nationally televised interracial marriage proposal at the end of the game. Johnson, who is half-black, and Popadics, who is white, hired security for their wedding due to the threats.
Final game facts
Boise State finished their season with a perfect 13–0 record, spurring controversy as to whether teams from BCS non-AQ conferences should have an opportunity to play for a national title. Most of the Boise State players and officials that were asked about it in the immediate aftermath of the game downplayed the controversy and claimed they were just happy to participate in the BCS bowls. Some did say they believed they were good enough to play in the National Championship game against the BCS No. 1 Ohio State Buckeyes, who later lost to the Florida Gators. The Broncos ultimately received one first-place vote in the final AP poll of the season, released after the National Championship game.
Boise State also became just the second team from a non-AQ (automatic qualifier) conference team to both play in and win a BCS bowl game (the 2004 Utah Utes team was the first, playing in the 2005 Fiesta Bowl). However, the presence of Boise State, a non-AQ school, quite possibly led to some of the lowest TV ratings ever for a BCS game. Of the 37 BCS bowl games played through the 2006 season, only two received lower ratings than this game—the 2005 Fiesta Bowl, the only other BCS game up to that time to feature a non-AQ school (although this most likely was due to getting stuck with a clearly over-matched Pittsburgh team from the Big East – who did receive an AQ bid – and the resulting blow-out was not a surprise, in any way); and the 2007 Orange Bowl, which featured two non-traditional teams in Louisville and Wake Forest (which matched conference champions awarded the guaranteed spots in a BCS bowls due to their conference memberships in the Big East Conference and the Atlantic Coast Conference, respectively).
Legacy
The dramatic fashion in which the game finished, along with the numerous trick plays and underdog story, immediately generated incredible enthusiasm, and many have since considered it one of the greatest college football bowl games to ever be played.
ESPN columnist Pat Forde had this to say:
The Valley of the Stun was the stage as an indomitable bunch of dreamers in orange pants landed the mightiest populist blow of college football's modern era. They were Hickory High in helmets, George Mason in cleats. They knocked off a gridiron giant one decade to the day after the burial of Pokey Allen, the beloved Boise coach who brought the program up to Division I-A status just 11 years ago.
Stewart Mandel of Sports Illustrated:
How do you sum up one of the most remarkable endings any of us will ever be fortunate enough to see? How do you sum up one of the most exciting bowl games ever contested? And how do you sum up what will one day be viewed as one of the most significant moments in the history of college football? I’m not exaggerating....Boise State beating Oklahoma in a New Year's Day bowl game is college football's equivalent to George Mason reaching the Final Four, with one extremely significant difference: George Mason had its chance to compete for the national title; Boise State does not. Like it or not, Boise State 43, Oklahoma 42 just became the single biggest argument to date for a college football playoff....Not only did they get in the game, they made a major statement on behalf of their mid-major brethren that none of us will soon forget.
Arash Markazi, also of Sports Illustrated, who covered the Broncos throughout their stay in Arizona:
When it was over, even Hollywood couldn't have scripted a more dramatic ending. This was the ultimate underdog story of a team that believed from the start, refused to give up even when it looked bleak and pulled off the improbable. It's one thing for a Cinderella team to upset a heavily favored opponent, but c'mon, this was ridiculous....Boise State's mind-numbing 43–42 victory over Oklahoma in the Fiesta Bowl on Monday night had everything and will go down as one of [the] best games in college football history. It was as big as George Mason getting to the Final Four and is proof that mid-majors can play with the big boys in football, too.
Chris Dufresne of the Los Angeles Times:
Crazy, zany and loony are three apt words to describe the end of Monday night's Fiesta Bowl at the University of Phoenix Stadium. You thought it would never end, but it did, with one of the most gutsy calls and remarkable plays in the history of college football.
Pete Thamel of The New York Times:
...[A] hook-and-lateral, a Statue of Liberty play and a halfback toss launched the Boise State football team to an upset that will long resonate in college football lore....Johnson's proposal capped a dizzying, riveting, back-and-forth game that will be remembered as one of the most exciting in college football history.
It has been reported that the Boise State University Athletic Department is selling the rights for a major motion picture about the Broncos 2006 season.
Broncos quarterback Jared Zabransky is featured on the cover of the 2008 edition of EA Sports popular NCAA Football video game. The last play of the game was also the subject of a television commercial for the video game, but with a twist: it featured Adrian Peterson controlling a Sooners player who tackled Johnson before he crossed the goal line.
The 2007 Fiesta Bowl won the 2007 Best Game ESPY Award, and the game's final play won the 2007 Best Play ESPY Award. It also took the No. 1 spot on ESPN's SportsCenter Top 10 Games of 2007. The final "Statue of Liberty" play also placed 2nd in ESPN's "The Greatest Highlight" hosted by Chris Berman. Fox Sports won its eighth Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Sports Special for its coverage of the game. Sports Illustrated rated it "The game of the decade" for college football. CBS Sportsline.com rated the game as the most meaningful bowl played in the twenty seasons from 1992 to 2011, in terms of its impact on college football.
References
External links
Fiesta Bowl
Fiesta Bowl
Boise State Broncos football bowl games
Oklahoma Sooners football bowl games
2007 in sports in Arizona
January 2007 sports events in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guisborough%20Town%20F.C.
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Guisborough Town F.C.
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Guisborough Town Football Club is a football club based in Guisborough, North Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at the King George V Ground.
History
The club was established in 1973 and joined the Middlesbrough & District League. They later switched to the South Bank & District League before joining the Northern Alliance in 1977. They finished third in their first season in the league and then as runners-up in their second season, also winning the League Cup. The club went on to win the league in 1979–80 without losing a match. They also reached the final of the FA Vase, eventually losing 2–0 to Stamford at Wembley. The club then joined the Premier Division of the Midland League. In 1982 the league merged with the Yorkshire League to form the Northern Counties East League, with a fifth-place finish in 1981–82 seeing Guisborough placed in the Premier Division of the new league.
In 1985 Guisborough switched to the Northern League, effectively dropping a division as they were placed in Division Two. In 1986–87 they were Division Two runners-up and were promoted to the Premier Division. In 1988–89 the club won both the League Cup, the league's Cleator Cup. In the FA Cup they reached the first round of the competition for the first time after playing eight qualifying games. Drawn at home to Third Division Bury, the match was moved to Middlesbrough's Ayresome Park where Bury won 1–0 in front of a crowd of 5,990. The club won the North Riding Senior Cup the following season, and retained it in 1990–91, a season which also saw them finish as Division One runners-up. They went on to win the Senior Cup again in 1992–93 and 1993–94. In 2004–05 the club finished bottom of Division One and were relegated to Division Two.
The 2010–11 season saw Guisborough end the season as Division Two runners-up, earning promotion back to Division One. They also won the North Riding Senior Cup for a fifth time. In 2013–14 they won the Senior Cup again.
Honours
Northern League
League Cup winners 1988–89
Cleator Cup winners 1988–89
Northern Alliance
Champions 1979–80
League Cup winners: 1978–79
North Riding Senior Cup
Winners 1989–90, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2010–11, 2013–14
North Riding County Cup
Winners 1975–76
Records
Best FA Cup performance: First round, 1988–89
Best FA Trophy performance: First round, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
Best FA Vase performance: Finalists, 1979–80
Record attendance: 3,112 vs Hungerford Town, FA Vase semi-final, 29 March 1980
Most appearances: Mark Davis, 587
Most goals: Mark Davis, 341
See also
Guisborough Town F.C. players
Guisborough Town F.C. managers
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in North Yorkshire
Association football clubs established in 1973
1973 establishments in England
Guisborough
Northern Football Alliance
Midland Football League (1889)
Northern Counties East Football League
Northern Football League
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9molat
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Trémolat
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Trémolat (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Geography
Trémolat is from the town of Périgueux and is situated along the river Dordogne in the Périgord region. Trémolat station has rail connections to Bordeaux, Bergerac and Sarlat-la-Canéda.
Population
Media
The director Claude Chabrol filmed Le Boucher (1970) in Trémolat.
See also
Communes of the Dordogne department
References
Communes of Dordogne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meetinghouse%20Common%20District
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Meetinghouse Common District
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The Meetinghouse Common District is a historic district on Summer, South Common, and Main Streets in Lynnfield, Massachusetts surrounding the town common.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
History
The Old Meeting House, which is at the heart of the Meetinghouse Common District, is the second oldest Puritan Congregationalist meeting house still standing in Massachusetts, after the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham built in 1681. At the time the idea of building the Meeting House was conceived, the tract of land that is now Lynnfield was a part of Lynn, and it was referred to as Lynn Farms. On January 16, 1711/12 the inhabitants of Lynn Farms petitioned to become the second precinct of Lynn because it was too far of a distance to travel to the first Church that had been built on Lynn Common. In 1714, the residents of the second precinct agreed upon purchasing the parcel of land that is now Lynnfield's Town Common and erecting the Meeting House.
Out of a desire to perpetually honor and maintain the Old Meeting House and to preserve the colonial character of the community the Town of Lynnfield established the Lynnfield Historical Commission in 1967. At that time the prime objective of the commission was to officially register the Lynnfield, Massachusetts, Meeting House Common District in the National Register of Historic Places, and on November 21, 1976, it was finally granted. In addition to the Meeting House, fifteen nearby religious, civic, commercial and residential buildings and sites are included in the historic district.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
References
Historic districts in Essex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Lynnfield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Villa
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Pope Villa
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The Pope Villa in Lexington, Kentucky, USA, was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1811 for Senator John Pope. It is one of only three extant Latrobe residences in the United States. As one of Latrobe's most avant-garde designs, the Pope Villa has national significance for its architect and unique design.
Purchased in 1987 by the Blue Grass Trust for Historic Preservation, the Pope Villa underwent restoration in the 2010s to reflect its 1811 original construction appearance. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
References
External links
"The Domestic Architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe" by Michael W. Fazio and Patrick A. Snadon (includes several photographs)
Pope Villa
Benjamin Henry Latrobe buildings and structures
Houses completed in 1811
Houses in Lexington, Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington, Kentucky
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
1811 establishments in Kentucky
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20in%20the%20Hamptons
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Murder in the Hamptons
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Murder in the Hamptons (also known as Million Dollar Murder) is a true story made-for-TV movie, based on the events leading to the murder of multi-millionaire Ted Ammon and the conviction of Ted's estranged wife's lover Daniel Pelosi.
Plot
The movie is told through various points of view in a semi-documentary. Generosa (Poppy Montgomery) is a struggling artist who sells real estate, and one day, when client Ted (David Sutcliffe) fails to show up, she goes over to confront him. They soon fall in love, get married and are happy for several years during which time they adopt twin orphans: Alexa Ammon (Aislinn Paul) and Greg Ammon (Munro Chambers). Whether a result of being a mother or from an organic or drug-induced biochemical imbalance, Generosa becomes increasingly paranoid accusing Ted of, among other indiscretions, adultery. Her erratic behavior tears the marriage apart, thereby unleashing a very contentious divorce procedure with Generosa demanding custody of the twins, ownership of their house in the Hamptons and, if possible, all of Ted's wealth. She even resorts to lying to the children about Ted in an attempt to turn them against him.
Unable to come to an agreement, Generosa and the twins stay at a hotel where she meets her contractor Daniel "Danny" Pelosi (Shawn Christian), and the two start a relationship, with him pushing her to hold out for money from Ted. When Ted is murdered, she inherits all of Ted's estate; three months thereafter, she and Danny get married. She holds back the truth about Ted's death from her children by telling them that Ted committed suicide by drinking alcohol, along with swallowing pills. They eventually come under police suspicion. Generosa learns that she's dying from breast cancer.
Danny wants custody of the kids, but Generosa rejects the idea because he'd been partying and spending her money carelessly. She changes her will, leaving Danny with only $2,000,000, $1,000,000 to her housekeeper and nanny, Kaye, and the remainder of her wealth to her children. Kaye also receives custody of the children and soon, she sends Greg away to a private school, while his sister remains behind. Some time after Generosa's death, Danny is arrested for Ted's murder. In 2004, Danny is found guilty and he is sentenced to 25 years to life.
Cast
Poppy Montgomery as Generosa Ammon, the villain. After Ted's murder, she becomes a widow. Afterwards, Generosa dies from breast cancer.
David Sutcliffe as Ted Ammon, the victim and the hero. He is killed by Danny.
Shawn Christian as Daniel Pelosi, the primary villain of the movie. He is the one responsible for Ted's death and is arrested at the end.
Aislinn Paul as Alexa Ammon
Munro Chambers as Greg Ammon
Peter Outerbridge as Gordon Wintrob
Donna Goodhand as Aunt Carrie, Generosa and Ted's sister and the kids' aunt.
Helene Joy as Grace
Gabriel Hogan as Matt
Tara Rosling as Carrie Wilder
Michael A. Miranda as Artie Rubino
Joris Jarsky as Carl Masella
Alex Poch-Goldin as Ed Burke
Nadia Capone as Oncologist
Kate Trotter as Neighbor
Brigitte Robinson as Charlotte
Tracey Ferencz as Denise
Landy Cannon as Tennis Pro
Aliska Malish as Beach Girl
Kasia Vassos as Beach Girl
Maxim Roy as Lindy Fisher
Lindsey Connell as Secretary
Allasen Miscion as Alexa Ammon, 4 years old
Mitchell Nye as Greg Ammon, 4 years old
Vito Rezza as Cab Driver
Sarain Boylan as Tammy
Roman Podhora as Bartender
James Allodi as Architect
Alex Karzis as Landscaper
Pedro Salvín as Concierge
Johnie Chase as Museum official
Trent McMullen as Private Investigator
Marcia Bennett as Psychiatrist
Diego Klattenhoff as Traffic Cop
Rory O'Shea as Mark Dell
Brendan Connor as Kevin Drysdale
J.C. Kenny as Amanda Zahn
References
External links
Lifetime (TV network) films
Canadian drama television films
Canadian films based on actual events
English-language Canadian films
2005 television films
2005 films
2000s Canadian films
The Hamptons, New York in popular culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahalin
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Nahalin
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Nahalin, also spelled Nahaleen, () is a Palestinian village located in the Bethlehem Governorate to the southwest of Bethlehem in the West Bank. The village was well known for beekeeping and tens of beehives still exist in Nahalin today. The village is also known locally for its almond and olive trees, vineyards, parsley and vegetables, namely onions and beans. The built-up area of Nahalin consists of roughly 730 dunams, 20 of which make up the old center of the village. The village had a population of 8,741 in 2017.
Etymology
Conder asserts that the name Nehalin is derived from the biblical Hebrew נחל (nahal), "torrent", which has since been replaced by the Arabic word wadi but occasionally preserved in the name Nehalin, which designates locations in or close to large torrents. Palmer also writes that the name Nehalin is derived from Hebrew נחל, which he translates as "a water-course".
In Arabic, the name Nahl means a bee. The word nahaleen is Arabic for those who collect honey from bees.
Location
The village is located inside an enclave in the Gush Etzion settlement bloc, surrounded by the Israeli settlements of Gvaot, Rosh Tzurim, Neve Daniel and Betar Illit. After the Oslo Accords in 1995, 91% of Nahalin land was classified as Area C, under full Israeli control, while the remaining 9% is Area B, meaning that civil affairs have been under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and security matters under the control of the Israel Defense Forces.
History
Potsherds from the Byzantine period have been found at a hilltop. Modern Nahalin was built on the remains of a medieval-era village.
An archeological site known as Khirbet el-Kabra is situated on the western outskirts of the village. Gershon Galil suggested to identify Khirbet el-Kabra with the biblical Nehelam, home of Shemaiah the Nehelamite, who was mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah as false prophet who went with the captives to Babylon and who opposed Jeremiah (). According to Galil, the modern-day village of Nahalin probably preserves the ancient Hebrew name.
Historically, Nahalin was frequented by Bedouin and was well known for its tradition of beekeeping.
Ottoman era
Nahalin was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 Nahalin appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 40 Muslim households and 16 Christian households. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, grape syrup or molasses, and goats or beehives; a total of 3,880 Akçe. Later sources no longer refer to the Christian community, and Bagatti suggested the Christians in the village had converted to Islam.
The French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in the 1863, and he described it as "a jumble of small houses", with tobacco plantations surrounding it. Martin Hartmann found Nahalin to have 17 houses.
In 1883, PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Nahalin as "A village of moderate size, on a kind of natural terrace on the side of a ridge, with a great valley to the north..[..] To the north is a spring in the valley; there is also a second spring to the south.[..] To the east is a Mukam, with two large oak-trees, sacred to Haj 'Aleiyan." "There is a tradition about tomb of Haj 'Aleiyan, of whom it is related that, having been refused entrance into the mosques because of his ragged and filthy appearance, he spread his Abba on the sea and performed his prayers on it."
In 1896 the population of Nahalin was estimated to be about 162 persons.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Nahhalin had a population of 316; 312 Muslims and 4 Christians, where the Christians were all Orthodox. In the 1931 census the population of Nahhalin was a total of 440, (3 Christians and the rest Muslim), in 98 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Nahhalin was 620, all Muslims, who owned 16,144 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,068 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 4,659 for cereals, while 63 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Nahalin came under Jordanian rule.
On March 28, 1954, an Israeli raid by Unit 101 on an Arab Legion base 4 kilometers outside Nahalin, where the Israeli forces missed the base and placed explosive charges and destroyed seven houses, including the mosque of the village killed five national guards, three legionnaires (who were travelling from the Arab Legion base to the village) and one woman, and wounded eighteen civilians including men, women and children. According to David Tal, the raid was the first of Israel's reprisal raids against a military target in Jordanian controlled territory.
In 1961, the population of Nahhalin was 1,015.
1967-present
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Nahalin has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,109.
From 1988-1991, journalist Helen Winternitz spent 3 years in Nahalin, publishing her experiences in the book A Season of Stones.
During the early months of the First Intifada on 13 April 1989, five villagers were killed by Israel Border Police during an early morning raid. The villagers claimed the security forces opened fire without provocation as they were leaving morning prayers at the mosque. Then General Amram Mitzna claimed his forces had come under attack from about 100 stone-throwing youths. On 30 April 1989, preliminary findings of a military inquiry into the events indicated that the border police unit involved in the raid had "lost control and fired excessively". In May 1989, the military inquiry announced that disciplinary action against four officers and seven border policemen would be taken for "misconduct".
During the funeral for those killed Walid Najajra, aged 23, was shot in the head by Israeli soldiers. He died a week later in the Makassed Hospital. Reports in the Israeli press stated that the army had launched an investigation.
After the 1995 accords, 9% of the village land has been classified as Area B, while the remaining 91% has been classified as Area C.
Large parts of Nahalin's land are confiscated by Military Orders by declaring it Israeli "State Land". Israel has afterwards used the confiscated land to construct Israeli settlements; 135 dunum of Nahalin land went to construct Geva’ot, 1166 dunum went to Betar Illit, and 110 dunum went to Rosh Zurim.
Since the beginning of the al-Aqsa Intifada, severe restrictions on movement have been placed on all residents. According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), from the intifada's beginning in September 2000 until the road's November 2003 reopening with IDF checkpoint monitoring, the cluster of villages represented by Nahalin, Husan and Battir were totally closed off and the only access was on foot via the Husan/al-Khadr junction. In 2004, all roads but one were reopened, and residents can now move more freely. In November of that year, USAID supported the paving of that road.
In the 2005 municipal elections in Nahalin, all ten elected candidates stood as independents. The candidate with the most votes was Qassim Yousif Mahmoud Awad, who got 1120 votes.
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of over 6,409 in mid-year 2006, of whom 35% are under the age of 18. Approximately 150 - 200 persons are registered with UNRWA as refugees of the 1948 war. Villagers carry a West Bank ID card.
Some 90% of the population between the ages of 18 and 35 are unemployed. The natural growth of the village will become a problem in the future due to lack of living space. Nahalin will become entirely closed in by both the expanding settlements and the Israeli West Bank barrier, placing severe constraints on the movement of residents and their access to services outside the village.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Nahhalin
Nahalin, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
UNRWA Profile of Nahalin Village
Nahhalin Village (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Nahhalin Village Profile, ARIJ
Nahhalin aerial photo, ARIJ
The priorities and needs for development in Nahhalin village based on the community and local authorities’ assessment, ARIJ
Villagers of Nahalin witness the destruction of their environment 20, August, 2003, POICA
New Israeli Evacuation & Confiscation orders in Nahalin village 15, December, 2008, POICA
New Israeli Security Road to isolate more than 4400 dunums from Nahalin Village 13, January, 2009, POICA
Nahalin, Al-Jab'a, and Al-Ma'sara village In the Spot light Bethlehem Governorate rural communities targeted by a series of demolishing orders 29, June, 2011, POICA
Soaking Nahalin with Sewage - Bethlehem Governorate 05, September, 2011, POICA
How dispossession happens. The humanitarian impact of the takeover of Palestinian springs by Israeli settlers, March 2012, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory
The Christian family refusing to give up its Bethlehem hill farm, BBC
Seam Zone
Populated places in the Bethlehem Governorate
Towns in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State of Palestine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1%20Sav%C4%8Di%C4%87
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Miloš Savčić
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Miloš Savčić (Svilajnac, 26 July 1865 – Belgrade, 9 March 1941) was a Serbian politician, businessman, engineer, banker and entrepreneur who was one of the richest Europeans of his time. Savčić served as Minister of Construction, Mayor of Belgrade, advisor, and manager of numerous economic facilities in the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He is considered to be one of the most influential Serbs of his time.
Early life and education
He was born in Svilajnac, in Resava, on 26 July 1865 (Old Style) to Teodor and Jelena Savčić. His father was a well-to-do merchant.
In his hometown, he finished both elementary school and high school, and in Belgrade, in 1885 he graduated with a B.Sc. from Grandes écoles. For his post-graduate studies, he went to Germany and enrolled at the Technical University of Munich. In 1889 he graduated from the master's program in Civil Engineering. His professor was Carl von Linde.
Engineer in Munich
After completing his studies, at the invitation of one of his professors, who taught roads and railways at the polytechnical institute, he remained in Germany for two more years, working on the construction of the Royal Bavarian State Railway. As a young Serbian engineer, such a job was a rare opportunity to gain a solid practice. However, as a foreign citizen, he could not become a civil servant, he could only work as a contractual employee.
He first worked on the expansion of the train station in Munich. In the beginning, he was engaged in surveying the terrain, based on his recordings, other engineers made a study, then marking all the buildings and curves, and when the construction of facilities began: sewers, intersections with trams, electrical plants and a 30 km long railway, he worked as supervising engineer on the construction of one of the bridges, on which reinforced concrete arches were made for the first time. Upon completion of the work, his task was to review the entire study, which had previously been prepared by his colleagues.
After that, they hired him to make an extensive and detailed study, because of which he travelled all over Bavaria, and he had assistants in the business, to whom he showed the recording and tracing of the terrain. This job brought him a lot of success and recognition. Although he was a young engineer, he worked as a senior engineer, with twice the salary, which was the reason why some of his fellow senior engineers looked down on him with envy.
For a while, he worked in the department for switches, on the method of centralizing switches, according to the "block system".
Return to Serbia
In 1891, owing to his mother's death, he decided to leave his job at the Royal Bavarian State Railway and go back to Serbia. At that time, he was supposed to move to Paris and work for Gustave Eiffel, who gained world fame after the construction of the famous Eiffel Tower. Since the job was supposed to start in May next year, in order to use his free time, he went to serve his military service, which by law should have lasted five months or less, in case he passed the officer's exam earlier. However, he failed the practical part of the exam, where he was given the task of marking a triangle on the field, and since he solved the task in an engineering-tracer way, instead of according to military rules. As a result, he had to extend his military service and cancel his contract with Gustave Eiffel.
After completing his military service, in 1893 he got a job in the Municipality of Belgrade. After a year, he decided, with the financial help of his father, uncle and brother, to start his own business, opening the Engineering and Architecture Office in Belgrade, together with a friend from Munich, the architect Gaspar Becker, in 1893. At that time, opening his own design company was a completely new initiative, which caused skepticism among family and friends. Also, the state did not have enough funds for major technical works, such as roads, railways, sewers, bridges, therefore, his firm initially devoted itself to making housing projects. In addition, private deals were concluded without complicated procedures, without fees, certificates, or cadastral plans. Larger contracts were made by ordinary letter, while smaller ones were based on oral agreements and a handshake.
He was hired for his first job by Luka Ćelović, who asked him to make a plan for a private house in Karađorđeva Street in Belgrade. He was hired by rich merchants Jovan Jovanović Šapčanin and Milan Pavlović, and cassation judge Milutin Marković, all for the purpose of building private family homes. After Becker's death in 1896, he collaborated with architects Danilo Vladisavljević and Milan Kapetanović.
Construction of a slaughterhouse in Belgrade
One of the biggest problems in Serbia at the time was the closure of the Hungarian border for the export of live pigs, under the pretext that the pigs were allegedly infected or suspected of being infected by the disease of some sort. During 1895 alone, the border was closed three times, and a similar situation was repeated in the following years, forcing the Serbian government to begin the struggle for economic liberation from Austria-Hungary.
A slaughterhouse in Belgrade of the Serbian Joint-Stock Company for Slaughter and Processing of Livestock (1906) was built according to the project of Miloš Savčić. All this was done in the fight for economic independence during the Customs War imposed on Serbia by Austria-Hungary. Everything had to be done to expedite the products in the most efficient manner. Sausages longer than a meter and thicker than a muscle, raised and clenched fists and knives, united citizens, butchers, peasants, guardsmen, workers, and in the background special wagons of the Serbian state railways transported meat in ice to their destination as quickly and efficiently as possible.
The first solution was to export meat products instead of pigs, which could be exported to other countries as well as Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, etc., without the risk of spoiling the meat. For that reason, the Serbian government passed the Law on State Aid to Slaughterhouse Companies in 1895, and the newly established Serbian Joint-Stock Company for Slaughter and Processing of Livestock in Belgrade decided to hire Savčić to study the organization of slaughterhouses in Austria and Germany. During 1896, he submitted a recalculation and the following year received the right to build a slaughterhouse, which became one of the most important state projects. The opposition, led by the president of the Association of Engineers of Serbia, Todor Selešković, opposed the favouring of Savčić and his company, demanding that more experts be sent abroad. However, the slaughterhouse (later named "BIM Slavija") was built in 1898, along with the buildings for the stock exchange, post office, telegraph office, workers' apartments, smokehouses, cold storage, barns, etc., with a layout that provided for all possible extensions. which led the public to conclude that Savčić had done the job very successfully. In addition, the entire complex played a significant role in the struggle for economic independence during the Customs War, when Serbia emerged the winner. After the construction of the slaughterhouse, his public reputation and trust in his work jumped. Due to his acquired reputation, conscientious work and initiative, Savčić was considered by many institutions as an advisor, associate or direct contractor. A year later, he invested the capital acquired from this company in the shares of Belgrade Transport Bank and was elected a member of its Supervisory Board, and then the Board of Directors.
The Steam-powered Sawmill
Working at the slaughterhouse, he quickly became aware of Serbia's economic dependence on foreign countries, especially the import of timber construction materials from Austria-Hungary. For that reason, he considered it necessary to build a lathe (tool and dye operation), which would lower the price of this material on the domestic market. His intention was for the Belgrade Transport Bank to provide money for the construction of the lathe, but he initially encountered great resistance from the bank's Board of Directors. In 1901, he persuaded the board to allow his associates to construct Belgrade's first steam-powered sawmill. The management finally approved his proposal on the condition that Savčić accepts personal liability for any losses. Two years later, the first major steam-powered turner in the Kingdom of Serbia was built on the banks of the Danube, which was constantly expanding its capacity until the outbreak of the First World War.
One of the biggest problems of the sawmill was the question of procurement cheap timber because lumber initially arrived from abroad or procured together material on the domestic market.
In 1902, the bank received from the state the right to exploit the forests on Tara near the rivers Derventa, Crni Vhr and Zvijezda, and the material was brought by rafts on the Drina, Sava and Danube, to the canal that had a turner (strugar) in Belgrade. The canal in Belgrade was built to make the material easier to pull out of the rafts because, in the beginning, ox power was used to pull it out. Initially, the cutting was done manually, but later motorized machines began to be used, and over time, the machining plant was enlarged.Since the forest on Tara lay on a wasteland, on very steep slopes, intersected by gorges and gorges, it was not possible to transport the material to the Drina, Savčić, with the help of German colleagues, designed a special cable car. The cable car was built in two stages. The first stage, 6,010 m long, with a drop of 800 m, and passing through two tunnels in the rocks, 56 and 26 m long, was built in 1908. Tunnelling is done in winter, and construction materials for the building lift are transported from Belgrade by wagon, sled and on foot. There is a distance of 400 m between the small and the large tunnel above the Drina valley. The second stage, 3,860 m long, was a 380 m ascent. The speed of the load moving by the cable car was regulated by a hydraulic brake regulator, and the load was moving due to its own weight without driving force. Section for the exploitation of forests in the Tara and the way the material was brought cited as an example of rational overcoming natural obstacles.
The Turning operation in Belgrade became one of the most successful wood processing companies in the country and employed between 120 and 280 workers. [19] Thanks to it, Serbia became an exporter of timber instead of an importer of timber.
Insurance company "Serbia"
In 1903, he became vice-president of the Belgrade Transport Bank, and two years later the bank changed its name to Prometna Banka. There Savčić urged the board members of the bank to create its own construction department. Once established (1906), it had acquired a small fleet of river dredges by 1909. They provided sand and gravel for the construction industry. One of the bank's shareholders became King Peter I Karađorđević. At the idea of King Peter I, in 1905, through the Board of Directors of Prometna Banka, "'Serbia', the first Serbian insurance company" was opened, ie the first insurance company in Serbia (except for the insurance department of the Belgrade Cooperative, which already existed). Shares with the ordinal number from 1 to 300 were also bought by King Peter I, which helped the idea of realizing such a society. From the very beginning, Savčić was in the management of that company and actively managed its affairs.
In a very short period of time, the company gained a large response from citizens from all walks of life, so that at the end of the first balance the company could already write off excise costs and make an immediate profit. Since 1908, the so-called national insurance, for small sums, so that it was accessible to everyone, even the poorest citizens. Even before the Balkan Wars, the company had a contract with the State Railways. Despite all the difficulties, the insurance company managed to survive by paying regular and war damages. After the Balkan Wars, the company expanded its activities to Southern Serbia, and after the First World War to the whole of Yugoslavia, opening offices throughout the country, where there was a greater response, branching out into all types of insurance.
Vračar Savings Bank
In 1904, the shareholders of Vračarska štedionica elected him a member of the Management Board. Shortly after that, the savings bank received the right from the state to exploit Rbarska Spa (Ribarska Banja), for which Savčić prepared a situation, levelling and regulation plan. The spa was completely modernized. All works in the spa were done according to his instructions. In the same year, the villa "Srbija" was built, in which King Peter I was a frequent guest in the summer. The following year, the villa "Bosna" was built, with 39 rooms on the first floor, while the offices of the spa administration and the doctor's office were located on the ground floor, along with a pharmacy, post office, and various shops. In the same year, 1905, villas "Herzegovina", "Dalmatia", "Slavonia", "Old Serbia" were built, and in 1907, villa "Montenegro". In addition to these villas, there was a building with 10 rooms for lower class accommodation, as well as a building with 20 rooms for free accommodation for the poor. The spa became one of the most beautiful spas and resorts of that time.
Other pre-war projects
Thanks to Savčić's skilful management, in 1909 the bank expanded its business to include shipping and river transport of sand and gravel, which were in great demand in the construction industry. First, two wooden boats were procured, and later ships, trucks, tugboats, an excavator and an elevator, which were used to transport and unload sand, gravel, as well as timber, which arrived from Tara.
In the same year, the Glass Factory in Kostolac was founded.
In that period, Savčić also became the vice-president of the Board of Directors of the Privileged Export Bank, which in 1911 founded the Company for Technical Enterprises with Prometna bank, during which time Savčević became its technical director. At the public auction, the company was entrusted with the construction of the Niš-Knjaževac railway in a length of 60 km, with 39 tunnels and 20 bridges. Construction was interrupted during the Balkan Wars, and continued in 1915 at a forced pace, due to its strategic importance, in order to connect Niš with the Danube. Due to the importance of the railway, the works were visited by various politicians, including Prince Regent Alexander. Some 1200 m of the Gramad tunnel was breached, and about 5-6 thousand prisoners of war took part in the works. About 90% of the planned works were completed that year alone.
During the construction of the railway, rich deposits of coal were found at the foot of Mount Tresibaba. From 1909 to 1915, only tests were carried out, and in 1915 Savčić received a privilege from the state to exploit 150 ore fields in that territory, which had to be postponed due to the war and the undeveloped railway. During the occupation, mine Tresibaba was exploited by the Bulgarians, and later the Germans. Until the construction of the railway, coal was transported by bullock carts.
World War I
Before the First World War, during the prosecution of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, he was in Munich. On the eve of the declaration of war, he moved from Germany to Switzerland, so as not to be detained or interned. From there, he returned to Serbia and immediately placed himself at the disposal of the army, which instructed him to complete the construction of the Niš-Knjaževac railway.
He was one of the thousands who in late 1915 joined the Serbian retreat through Albanian mountains together with the entire Serbian army, including King Peter I and his cabinet. In 1916, he found himself in Geneva, where together with Jovan Cvijić and professor Tihomir Đorđević the Central Committee for Serbian Reconstruction was established, aimed to collect donations among Serbian allies and friends of the Serbian people as first aid at the time of liberation. He also participated in the founding of the League of Nations.
He is the author of several professional papers. Together with Milić Radovanović and Ljubomir Jovanović, he wrote the following works during the war:
"Wealth of Serbia"
"War damage and reparations"
"Future economic program of Serbia"
"Serbia in terms of the property before, during and after the world war 1914-1918"
Post-war period
During the war, the installations and inventory on Tara were looted and taken away. The steam turner in Belgrade was destroyed in the fire, and the fleet and ships were partly destroyed by enemy artillery from the monitor, while the other part was taken to the upper course of the Danube. The glass factory in Kostolac was destroyed by the enemy so that no foundations remained. The new Privredna bank building was significantly damaged by enemy artillery.
After the war and the deaths of Mihailo Popović and Nikola Spasić, Savčić became the President of the Board of Directors of Prometna Banka, from which, with the help of the bank's director Mihailo Dragičević, he created one of the most successful commercial banks in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
He invested maximum efforts in the reconstruction so that the bank and all business companies could continue with normal work after only a year. The lathe operations in Belgrade were expanded, and a three-storey house for workers' apartments was built next to it, as well as a connecting railway track to the railway of the social railway for loading wagons. It was done in two or three shifts. The turner operation employed about 300 workers and 20 clerks.
Considering that after the war, during the payment of war damages, the allies did nothing to return the vessels that the enemy stole and took away from the fleet in Belgrade, new ships, excavators, elevators, etc. were procured and a new workshop was built on the Sava River coast.
In 1921, the Association of Banks was founded on the premises of Prometna Banka. One of the main goals of this association was the joint appearance of Serbian banks during the nationalization of the Beocin Cement Factory and the Sartid Society (founded in 1913) through the purchase of a number of shares, as well as the establishment of new banks in the liberated territories. He was vice-president and a member of the Board of Directors of the Beocin Cement Factory and the Sartid Company, as well as many other companies. After the First World War, two banks, Izvozna and Prometna, formed a joint bank in Skopje called Izvozna i prometna banka a.d., in order to expand the joint scope of work on the territory of Old Serbia.
Fuel Exploitation Company
In 1920, the management of Prometna Banka founded the Fuel Exploitation Society. After the completion of the Niš-Knjaževac railway in 1921, the exploitation of ore fields in that territory, found before the war, began. In 1930, Prometna Banka took over from Đorđe Vajfert the privilege over the mines Podvis (north of Timok and Tresibaba) and Blagovesti, in which over 800 miners and officials worked. The Tresibab and Podvis mines had their own power plant, with three locomotives of 125, 205 and 325 horsepower, with three corresponding 380 V generators. Modern machine cranes of 100 hp each were installed above the mine shafts. Ventilation in the mines was artificial, with separate air shafts, over which fans were placed to pump "spoiled" air. Air compacted by compressors under a pressure of six atmospheres was used to operate pneumatic hammers - drills. The mines also had the necessary workshops: blacksmith, locksmith, carpenter, electrician. More than 40 engines of various heights were installed at the entire mine plant.
Special attention was paid to providing the best possible working conditions. A large colony for free housing for workers and their families was built to house staff and workers. Other workers were recruited from surrounding villages. Families and workers had the right to free heating, electricity, they had at their disposal a warehouse with groceries, in which they bought below market prices. There was an ambulance with a pharmacy run by a local doctor. In addition to the apartments, the workers also had some land for gardens. The children at the Podvis mine attended a state primary school, the construction of which was financed by the Fuel Exploitation Society with all the necessary inverters. There was a football club at the Podvis mine, as well as a 15-member music orchestra.
In 1938, a large building for a mining home was built on Tresibaba, which housed a canteen. In the same building, the Sokol Society also had its premises: large falconry with a stage and equipment for rehearsals and performances, a locker room with showers with hot and cold water, a department for the theatre section, a reading room and a library. The members of the Sokol Society were almost all the employees of the mine. Sound recording equipment was installed in the home. The mines had a modern rescue station, with 10 Dreger apparatus and 40 very well-trained members.
In 1921, a consortium was established, which bought mining fields from Petar Vujan for the exploitation of the Kosovo ore basin, and research began on the right bank of the Sitnica, near Crkvena Vodice. The following year, the Mining and Industrial Joint-Stock Company "Kosovo" was founded in Kosovska Mitrovica and exploitation began, and in 1923, works for more economical exploitation and easier transport from the lignite mine "Kosovo" to the railway station in Obilić began. Savčić, who performed the function of the president of the joint-stock company, had the greatest merits for the progress in the development of the "Kosovo" mine. In the first years, exploitation was small, due to the very poorly developed industry in Southern Serbia. After the joint-stock company passed into the hands of Prometna Banka, the mine began to prosper, and production and consumption increased, especially with the development of industry in Skopje.
After the opening of the Trepča mine in 1930, the Kosovo mine gained a permanent consumer, because the Trepča power plants used lignite from the Kosovo mine. A primitive cable car was built, with one rope, 2,925 m long and a drop of 25 m, with a loading station in the mine, and unloading at the railway station. The cable car could carry wagons of 500 kilograms. A power plant with locomotives was built and a special machine for extracting coal from the mine was constructed.
Due to the increase in the number of staff, a workers' colony of 10 buildings were built in the period 1936-1938, as well as 9 new office buildings and a busy building. The buildings had electric lighting and plumbing. A workshop for repairing machines and other inventory was opened, and due to increased coal exports, another mining shaft called "Alexander" was opened in 1938. Thanks to the investments of Privredna Banka, in the period 1930-1938, the "Kosovo" mine quadrupled its production, which enabled the electrification of Southern Serbia.
Turner in Bosanska Jagodina
In 1927, a lathe was opened in Jagodina, near Višegrad, after Prometna Banka bought a forest in Zaovljanske Kosi from private individuals in 1921 and 1922. The detailed project, with all the side installations for the turner, was made by Savčić himself, although at that time he already had sons, engineers, and dozens of experts, cartoonists and engineers who worked for the companies he founded. For the needs of transporting wood, the same as on Tara, a wire railway was built, 8,200 m long and with a drop of 360 m. Material from the dismantled cable car on Tara was partly used for its construction. The planed timber was transported to Belgrade by rafts across the Rzava, the Drina, Sava and Danube.
Strugara (as Serbs call turner) started operating in 1928 and was the only place of employment for poor peasants in the region.
Career in Politics
In 1905, Savčić was one of the founders of the new Independent Radical Party.
In the period 1905-1911, and in 1923 he was a People's Deputy, as a member of the glavni odbor (Main Board) of the Independent Democratic Party, and in the period 1908-1909. Minister of Construction.
The function of the President of the Belgrade municipality performed in the period 1929-1930. At that time, the Municipal Savings Bank and the power plant were established. After the enforcement of the Sixth of January dictatorship (1929), the king dissolved the municipal administration by decree in 1926 and appointed Miloš Savčić mayor of Belgrade. Savčić was a supporter of King Alexander "with whom he had close relations in the past" during his reconstruction project days.
As the mayor has significantly increased the efficiency of the utilities of the city. He compiled travel books for hotels. Under his administration, the Statute was adopted, which regulated the issue of municipal officials. He also worked on the already started modern paving of Belgrade, for which he prepared a program and all the necessary studies. A new way of charging for electric lighting and water has been introduced, which has enabled municipal self-financing. The Savings Bank of the Municipality of the City of Belgrade was also established with the aim of receiving revenues and paying the costs of the municipality. As the executor of Nikola Spasić's will, the construction of the City Hospital in Belgrade began. A new, modern elementary school "King Alexander I" was built in Dečanska Street. His greatest merit in the function of the mayor is having liberated the city of unfavourable short-term loan, which is due to penalty interest threatened to quell the capital. The problem is solved by taking a new loan from Swiss banks, which the previous loan fully paid, and there is also a new power station in Belgrade. Because of this endeavour, he was severely attacked, and even sued in court on suspicion of financially damaging the Belgrade municipality, but the court found that the entire procedure for the construction of the power plant was done according to the law.
The intertwining of political and economic functions was not uncommon at the time, but in the case of Miloš Savčić it aroused the suspicion of the Serbian public.
The next municipal administration in Belgrade, headed by Milan Nešić, was also appointed by decree on 23 May 1930.
Wagon factory
At a public auction, Privredna Banka bought the Wagon and Iron Structures Factory in Kruševac (later "October 14" ), of which it was previously a creditor, and which immediately before that went bankrupt. The factory was fundamentally reconstructed and modernized within a year, and jobs were provided for it at the State Railways, in the production of new wagons and iron railway bridges. This investment was the only one in which the money invested was not recouped, and the factory operated at a loss until World War II.
He made a plan for the railway bridge on the Morava. Under his supervision, concrete pillars were erected in the riverbed and a metal structure was made, which the Germans delivered to Svilajnac before the war, and then taken away by the Bulgarians during the Great War.
Other projects
He is mentioned as the director of the State Railways in 1920-1921.
He successfully designed industrial and residential-commercial buildings, mostly designed in the style of academism, with elements of Art Nouveau. He also distinguished himself as a constructor of corner palaces, the Class Lottery (projects together with Milan Kapetanović), on the corner of Vasa Čarapića and Kneginja Ljubica streets (1898—1899), the House of Vračar Savings Bank, according to the project of architect Danilo Vladisavljević, on the corner of Kneza Miloša Street and Kralj Milan (1906) and two houses of his own.
According to his project, Prometna Banka also founded its last interwar company, the sheet metal rolling mill in Zemun. When it was built in 1938, it was a very lucrative business venture and the crowning achievement of Prometna banka and the Serbian economy.
Acknowledgments
He is the holder of the Order of Saint Sava I degree, the Yugoslav Crown II degree, the White Eagle IV degree and the Cross of the Red Cross Society in Geneva.
Recognition for the entire activity in the field of economy and construction was given to him at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of his work, held on 21 October 1939, in the House of the Transport Bank. On the occasion of the celebration, a monument entitled "50 years of work of engineer Miloš Savčić 1889-1939" was published. The celebrant received a silver plaque with his portrait, the work of sculptor Dragomir Arambašić, and copies of the plaque were cast in bronze and placed on marble slabs at the House and buildings of the banking companies.
He died on 9 March 1941, after a long illness, just before the start of World War II. He was buried the next day in the Novo Groblje (New Cemetery) in Belgrade. A good part of what was built was destroyed during the war and after the war, all companies that established the Traffic Bank were transferred to state ownership by the communists who came into power, thanks to the Superpowers.
On the eve of his death, he bequeathed his valuable property, three hectares of land and a share in two mills, to the Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas in Svilajnac, of which, together with his wife, he was one of the largest donors.
The material on his activity is partially catalogued in the Archives of Serbia and in the Historical Archives of Belgrade, and his professional opus was researched in detail in the 1990s when a radical reaffirmation of his creative personality was initiated. In 2004, a street in the municipality of Savski Venac was named after him.
Family
He had a brother Jakov and a sister Ljubica.
He was married to Katinka, born Leve in Munich in 1874, whom he met while studying. They had sons: architects Milenko (1901–1954) and Svetozar (1903), engineers Ljubiša and Vladeta (1899) and a daughter Jelica (–1936), married to civil engineer Aleksandar Acović.
He had his office in a residential and business multi-storey building at Topličin venac 14 Street. During that upgrade, he was the first in Serbia to apply the Herbst (1921) mezzanine prefabricated reinforced concrete structural system on that building. The system consisted of concrete girders in the form of shorter or longer flat beams (post), which are brought to the building ready-made and laid at a distance of 33 cm upright. Through them are uniformly and continuously concreted svodići to plating of tin plate. He renamed his office the Technical Company "Labor", which was taken over by his son Vladeta and son-in-law Aleksandar Acović.
His family was among the largest shareholders of Agrarna, Vračarska and Izvozna Banka. Prometna Banka had consolidated all the family property. They bought vineyards and turned them into a prestigious residential area in Dedinje. The construction of the luxury villa complex was started by Miloš Savčić, and continued by his son-in-law Aleksandar Acović.
At the beginning of the 1920s, he decided to build the largest and most representative habitat in the prestigious city location, in which he lived for the rest of his life. The building was built from 1924 to 1926, on the corner of Kralj Milan Street and Andrićev venac (then Dobrinjska Street). He determined the spatial organization and dimensions of his own building by applying a system with Herbst girders for mezzanine structures, and the façade assembly, composed of three unequal segments, was designed by , a Russian civil engineer living in exile in Serbia.
During the German occupation, Katinka's wife, although of German origin, refused to cooperate with the Germans, so she was thrown out of the family palace in the city center together with the children and their families. They welcomed the end of the war in vineyard cottages in Dedinje. After the liberation, they were expelled from Dedinje as representatives of the defeated bourgeoisie and their entire property was confiscated.
One of Miloš Savčić's great-grandchildren is Vladimir Lešić, a famous musician.
The house at Užička 15, where his daughter Jelica lived, later became the residence of Josip Broz Tito and then Slobodan Milošević, and a House of Flowers was built nearby on their former estate.
All this added insult to injury for the surviving family of Miloš Savčić.
References
Works cited
Милош Савчић: градитељ, привредник, градоначелник; изложба Музеја науке и технике, каталог; 1997.
Serbian politicians
Serbian businesspeople
Serbian engineers
Serbian bankers
Mayors of Belgrade
1865 births
1941 deaths
Construction ministers of Serbia
People from the Kingdom of Serbia
Expatriates in the German Empire
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7378177
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell%20Daily%20Record
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Roswell Daily Record
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The Roswell Daily Record is a local newspaper located in Roswell, New Mexico, and has a circulation of less than 12,000. The paper is well known in the UFO community because it reported the alleged Roswell UFO crash in 1947. The newspaper was previously owned by Robert Beck, and after Beck's death the newspaper ownership was passed to the Beck Trust - Marjorie S Beck.
See also
List of newspapers in New Mexico
External links
Official website
References
Newspapers published in New Mexico
Mass media in Roswell, New Mexico
Newspapers established in 1891
1891 establishments in New Mexico Territory
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24735424
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingcheng
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Dingcheng
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Dingcheng may refer to the following locations in China:
Dingcheng District (鼎城区), Changde, Hunan
Dingcheng, Dingyuan County (定城镇), town in Anhui
Dingcheng, Ding'an County (定城镇), town and county seat of Ding'an County, Hainan
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4443469
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen%20S-Bahn
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Bremen S-Bahn
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The Bremen S-Bahn () is an S-Bahn network in Germany, covering the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region, from Bremerhaven in the north to Twistringen in the south and Bad Zwischenahn and Oldenburg in the west. It has been in operation since 2010. This network unified existing regional transport in Bremen as well as surrounding cities, including Bremerhaven, Delmenhorst, Twistringen, Nordenham, Oldenburg, and Verden an der Aller. The network lies completely within the area of the Verkehrsverbund Bremen/Niedersachsen (VBN; Bremen/Lower Saxony Transport Association), whose tariff structure applies.
Lines
Line RS 1
The RS 1 line was created from the previous R1 service, which served all stations between Bremen-Vegesack and Verden. This line forms the backbone of the system, as it runs parallel to the Weser river through the whole city and the south-easterly axis of settlement in the district of Verden. The line provides the only rail-based transport in the Bremen-Nord district, and from 2011 it was due to be extended further following the reopening to passenger traffic in 2007 of the Farge-Vegesack railway.
Currently, the R1 line connects Bremen-Vegesack and Bremen Hbf every half hour, and every quarter-hour during peak hours. The line between Vegesack and Farge has a half-hourly service. The segment between Bremen Hbf and Verden is served hourly, and half-hourly at peak periods. The push-pull trains consist of four to five bilevel cars (double-decker carriages) without climate control and one control car. These are driven by either DB Class 111 or DB Class 143 electric locomotives. The bilevel cars will be replaced with multiple units in 2011 with finance from the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen.
In summer 2011, the Farge to Vegesack section was due to be electrified. The new timetable due to be introduced in autumn 2011 provides for the trains to divide at Vegesack and continue to Farge.
History
In the 1970s, the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen first planned both regional train and underground systems. The S-Bahn was intended to connect the city with surrounding municipalities. It wasn't meant to completely operate underground, but rather as an independent rail system that would also connect different city neighborhoods. An underground line was to run from Delmenhorst through Huchting, Bremen Airport, the city center, University of Bremen, and Borgfeld and end in Lilienthal. Line S 1 was to run from Schwanewede through the city center, Sebaldsbrück, Mahndorf, and Achim and end in Verden. Line S 2 was to run from Osterholz-Scharmbeck through Ritterhude, Marßel, Burglesum, Findorff, University of Bremen, Oberneuland, and Rotenburg. The third line was planned to go through Delmenhorst, Huchting, Neustadt, city center, Hemelingen, Kirchweyhe, Syke, and Twistringen. A temporary panel of the Bürgerschaft, which gathered the findings after 19 months of planning, pedestrian zones, closely spaced stops, and park and ride lots at the termini of the lines were planned as well. Due to financial and technical difficulties and political opposition, these plans were not realized.
Rolling stock
A fleet of 35 Alstom Coradia Continental EMUs operate on the network since December 2010. Additionally, 16 Stadler Flirt EMUs were ordered in 2019, with service entry scheduled for December 2022.
References
External links
S-Bahn in Germany
Transport in Bremen (city)
Transport in Bremen (state)
Transport in Lower Saxony
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin%20in%20Love
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Shirin in Love
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Shirin in Love is an Iranian-American romantic comedy film directed by Ramin Niami and starring Nazanin Boniadi, Riley Smith, Maz Jobrani and Anahita Khalatbari. It was released in March 2014 via AMC Independent.
Plot
Shirin is an absent-minded, yet sophisticated, young Iranian-American woman who lives in "Tehrangeles", the large Iranian community of Los Angeles. While Shirin has been engaged for years to a successful Iranian plastic surgeon in Beverly Hills, she lives with her overbearing mother and empathetic father. When she falls in love with a mysterious young man who lives in a lighthouse in Northern California, a secret unravels and cultures clash, challenging all the tradition Shirin grew up with - and she re-discovers herself in the process.
Cast
George Wallace as Officer Washington
Amy Madigan as Rachel Harson
Nazanin Boniadi as Shirin
Riley Smith as William
Marshall Manesh as Nader
Maz Jobrani as Mike
Anahita Khalatbari as Maryam
Max Amini as Ed
Annie Little as Vicky
Samantha Colburn as Helen
Steven Schub as Rick
Sam Golzari as Ben
Nick Soper as Officer Clifford
Andy Madadian as Andy
Mervin Gilbert as Dale
Aycil Yeltan as Sasha
Carryl Lynn as Sylvia
References
External links
Films directed by Ramin Niami
2014 films
2014 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films set in California
Films set in Los Angeles
Iranian-American films
Comedy films about Asian Americans
2010s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani%20Elteir
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Hani Elteir
|
Hani Eltair (; born May 10, 1981) is an Egyptian former swimmer, African and Arabian swimming champion, who specialised in long-distance freestyle as well as butterfly events. Eltair competed in the men's 400 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He eclipsed a FINA B-standard entry time of 4:04.47 from the Pan Arab Games in Amman, Jordan. He challenged five other swimmers in heat one, including Singapore's two-time Olympian Sng Ju Wei. Eltair held the Egyptian and African under 13 200m butterfly record for a period of 26 years, a record that was considered the most enduring in the history of Egyptian swimming. He won the title of best African swimmer in 1994 in Cairo and in 1996 in Mauritius after winning 14 medals. During his sports career he won more than 800 gold medals, held 38 records, and represented Egypt in more than 60 International swimming events. Eltair now works as an orthopaedic consultant in Germany, specialising in shoulder and knee surgeries.
References
1981 births
Living people
Egyptian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Egypt
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
20th-century Egyptian people
21st-century Egyptian people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Territories%20South%20%28constituency%29
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New Territories South (constituency)
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New Territories South constituency may refer to constituencies of Hong Kong in various years:
South New Territories (1985 constituency)
New Territories South (1991 constituency)
New Territories South (1995 constituency)
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