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statistical parsing
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Most statistical parsing algorithms are based on a modified form of chart parsing. The modifications are necessary to support an extremely large number of grammatical rules and therefore search space, and essentially involve applying classical artificial intelligence algorithms to the traditionally exhaustive search. Some examples of the optimisations are only searching a likely subset of the search space (stack search), for optimising the search probability (Baum-Welch algorithm) and for discarding parses that are too similar to be treated separately (Viterbi algorithm).
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statistical parsing
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Eugene Charniak Author of Statistical techniques for natural language parsing amongst many other contributions Fred Jelinek Applied and developed numerous techniques from Information Theory to build the field David Magerman Major contributor to turning the field from theoretical to practical by managing data James Curran Applying the MaxEnt algorithm, word representation, and other contributions Michael Collins (computational linguist) First very high performance statistical parser Joshua Goodman Hypergraphs, and other generalizations between different methods
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envirome
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While there can be both positive and negative effects of the envirome on the organism, negative effects are often emphasized in discussing disease. A typology of envirome health hazards suggested by McDowall is natural physico-chemical, man-made physico-chemical, biological/organic, natural or man-made, macrosocial, micro- or psychosocial. One approach to classifying the envirome is to organize the factors based on their likely disease-specific causality such as cardiovascular disease The time-scale of the envirome hazard is another possible dimension of classification; an envirome hazard are said to be a sudden change (such as a disaster), a rapid environmental change, or a slow change or a static situation. In twin studies, envirome influences are often decomposed into shared environmental factors, common to both twins and non-shared environmental factors that differ between the twins.
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envirome
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In plants, the enviromics term was probably first scientifically mentioned by Xu, in his iconic article on Envirotyping, and also comprehensively described by Resende et al., which is the field of applied data science that integrates databases of environmental factors into quantitative genetics. Then, it can leverage an important plant ecophysiology knowledge capable to bridge the gaps about how the environment acts across different levels of the systems biology (genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites). Consequently, it can boost the ability to better understand/model the phenotypic plasticity of the main agronomic traits under diverse growing conditions. The plant breeding community has experienced reduced costs for acquiring environmental sensors (e.g., weather stations) to be installed in the field trials while increasing the reliability and resolution of the remote sensing techniques.
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envirome
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The combination of those two factors has started the spring of enviromics-aided breeding in recent years. Recently, Costa-Neto et al. introduced the concept of enviromic-aided genomic prediction involving the use of adaptation typologies to process the raw environmental data into a reliable descriptor of the environmental diversity. This data is then used for training accurate GxE prediction models, mostly involving molecular breeding protocols in agriculture and forestry improvement.
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envirome
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Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to express different traits in response to internal and external environmental factors, is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Similar to how genetics approaches have been used to identify and predict performance based on genetic markers, the contribution of environmental factors to phenotypic plasticity can be systematically analyzed and predicted. The Critical Environmental Regressor through Informed Search (CERIS ) uses whole-season environmental variants to identify major explicit environmental conditions that contribute to performance, similar to how QTL/ GWAS analysis identifies major genes from genome-wide markers. Enviromic prediction can be used to predict how an organism will perform under new growth conditions based on analysis of the whole-season environmental variants, akin to how genomic prediction is used to predict the performance of new genotypes.
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european federation of periodontology
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The EFP’s strategic vision is “periodontal health for a better life,” which emphasises the interaction between periodontal health and overall health and the positive role that periodontology can play in public health. The federation seeks to serve both the professional periodontal and dentistry sector as well as patients and the public.Periodontology encompasses the art, science, and practice of attaining and maintaining healthy tissues supporting and surrounding teeth or their substitutes, replacing lost teeth by implantation of natural and/or synthetic devices, and reconstructing lost supporting structures by regeneration or repair with the goal of maintaining health, function and aesthetics to improve oral and general health and wellbeing.In seeking to fulfil its strategic vision, the EFP has four strategic objectives:1. Improved health and wellbeing: Improve and promote periodontal health globally as part of oral and general health and wellbeing, ensuring social and economic inclusion, by working in partnership with patients, governments, professional bodies, industry, consumer groups, and other organisations. 2.
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european federation of periodontology
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Education and training: Maintain, refine, harmonise, and further develop the highest standards of education and training in the art, science, and practice of periodontology and implant dentistry to increase knowledge/awareness on the importance of periodontal diseases and their consequences for other oral and non-oral health professionals. 3. Policy and influence: In collaboration with national member organizations and through strong leadership, influence policy at national and international levels, including the recognition of periodontal diseases as a public-health problem as well as source and consequence of social inequality.
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european federation of periodontology
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The recognition of periodontology as a dental speciality in the EU is fundamental prerequisite. 4. Science and research: Promote research and knowledge-basis in all aspects of periodontology and implant dentistry, with global dissemination and application of research findings to enhance patient and public awareness and promote the practice of evidence-based and patient-centred care and, in turn, clinical outcomes.
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european federation of periodontology
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As set out in the federation’s by-laws: The EFP is a non-profit making organization whose goal is the promotion, by all means at its disposal, of periodontology and, more generally, oral health both in Europe and worldwide. In particular: To promote the development and practice of periodontology and of oral health in Europe and to ensure the development and recognition of the specialty of periodontology in Europe. To ensure a high level of knowledge in these disciplines by publications, collaborative scientific research and by any other means at its disposal. To oversee the dissemination of research and publications by its members and other research workers. To ensure the independence and the integrity of the profession of periodontology and/or dentists with a specific interest in periodontologyIn addition, the EFP also has a goal to promote and represent the interests of the discipline of periodontology in Europe and worldwide.
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european federation of periodontology
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At the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions, held in Chicago in November 2017, the EFP and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) drew up a new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions after reviewing the scientific evidence and creating a consensus knowledge base. This new classification updated the previous classification of 1999. The World Workshop’s research papers and consensus reports were published simultaneously in June 2018 in the EFP’s Journal of Clinical Periodontology and the AAP’s Journal of Periodontology. The new classification was presented formally by the two organisations at the EuroPerio9 congress in Amsterdam on 22 June 2018.To assist clinicians in implementing the new classification, the EFP published a toolkit in April 2019, comprising a set of guidance notes, slide presentations, infographics, and videos.
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european federation of periodontology
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At Perio Workshop 2019, the process of drawing up a formal S3-level clinical practice guideline for the treatment of periodontitis stages I-III was started. This guideline was published in July 2020 in a special supplement of the Journal of Clinical Periodontology. This guideline approaches the treatment of periodontitis (stages I, II and III) using a pre-established stepwise approach to therapy that, depending on the disease stage, should be incremental, each including different interventions.
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european federation of periodontology
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Consensus was achieved on recommendations covering different interventions, aimed at: (a) behavioural changes, supragingival biofilm, gingival inflammation, and risk factor control. (b) supra- and sub-gingival instrumentation, with and without adjunctive therapies. (c) different types of periodontal surgical interventions. (d) the necessary supportive periodontal care to extend benefits over time. This S3 guideline informs clinical practice, health systems, policymakers and, indirectly, the public on the available and most effective modalities to treat periodontitis and to maintain a healthy dentition for a lifetime, according to the available evidence at the time of publication.
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european federation of periodontology
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The EFP’s executive committee consists of the president, the president-elect, the two most recent past presidents, the secretary general, the treasurer, and two elected members. The president serves a one-year term, while the other committee members are elected for terms of three years. The executive committee discusses all actions that should be taken by the EFP and prepares them for discussion and approval at the annual general assembly, which consists of representatives of the EFP-affiliated national societies of periodontology. Seven committees have been formed to meet the needs of the objectives that EFP has set: the congress committee, European project committee, internal & external affairs committee, nominating committee, undergraduate education committee, postgraduate education committee, scientific affairs committee, workshop committee, and EFP Alumni. There are also committees for each edition of EuroPerio and Perio Master Clinic.
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neuroarchaeology
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Neuroarchaeology is a sub-discipline of archaeology that uses neuroscientific data to infer things about brain form and function in human cognitive evolution. The term was first suggested and thus coined by Colin Renfrew and Lambros Malafouris.
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neuroarchaeology
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As explained by archaeologist Dietrich Stout and evolutionary neuroscientist Erin E. Hecht,: 146 neuroarchaoelogy "has specific theoretical implications that extend beyond the general sense of the neologism. It is thus useful to distinguish between Neuroarchaeology (narrow sense) and neuroarchaeology (general sense). As outlined by Malafouris, Neuroarchaeology is an outgrowth of the cognitive-processual archaeology of Renfrew and is explicitly grounded in Material Engagement Theory. Material Engagement Theory focuses on the role of objects in mediating human behavior, cognition, and sociality and is closely aligned with approaches to cognition as extended, grounded, situated and distributed developed in psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and elsewhere.
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neuroarchaeology
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Neuroarchaeology explicitly aims to: (1) incorporate neuroscience findings into cognitive archaeology, (2) promote 'critical reflection on neuroscience’s claims on the basis of our current archaeological knowledge', and (3) facilitate cross-disciplinary dialog. "Neuroarchaeology combines the words "neuro-" as in "neuroscience," indicating its connection with the brain sciences, and "archaeology," meaning the study of human history and prehistory through excavation and other techniques designed to investigate the material record. The term has "archaeology" as its primary component, with "neuro-" used adjectivally; thus, it means an archaeology informed by neuroscience, or evolutionary cognitive archaeology. It denotes a relatively new research area investigating questions related to interactions between brain, body, and world over cultural and evolutionary spans of time.
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neuroarchaeology
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In the 21st century, significant gains in understanding the brain through the cognitive sciences opened up new areas of collaboration between archaeology and neuroscience. This has enabled archaeologists to base hypotheses about the biological and neural substrates of human cognitive abilities on archaeological data, especially change in material forms like stone tools across time. Neuroscientific insights can also be applied in critically reviewing and challenging theories and assumptions about the inception of modern human cognition and behavior, including whether there even are such things. Both neuroscience and neuroarchaeology seek to understand the human mind.
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neuroarchaeology
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However, the theories and methods of the two disciplines differ significantly. Neuroscience collects data on brain form and function in extant populations, while neuroarchaeolgy uses archaeological and neuroscientific data to examine change in brain form and function in extinct populations. To reconcile these theoretical and methodological differences, neuroarchaeology "aims at constructing an analytical bridge between brain and culture by putting material culture, embodiment, time and long term change at center stage in the study of mind.
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neuroarchaeology
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": 49 Over the past several decades, neuroscientific data have been an essential component of neuroarchaeological analyses. The converse is less certain, as neuroscience has yet to make much use of archaeology's ability to furnish critical data on the timing and context of developments in human cognitive evolution, provide unique insight into what materiality does in human cognition, and negotiate temporalities of cognitive change that are difficult to assimilate into neuroscientific theories and methods.Neuroarchaeology's interdisciplinary approach provides new opportunities for investigating the human mind and the role of material culture in human cognition and cognitive evolution. Specific focuses for neuroarchaeological research to date have included language, symbolic capacity, theory of mind, technical cognition, creativity, aesthetics, spatial cognition, numeracy, literacy, and casual understanding.
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unmatched count
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The participants of the survey are divided into two groups at random. One group, the control group, is given a few harmless questions, while the other group gets an additional question regarding the property of interest. The respondents are to reveal only the number of "yes" answers they have given. Since the interviewer does not know how they arrived at that number, it is safe to answer the awkward question truthfully. Due to the unmatched count of items, the number of people who answered "yes" to the awkward question can be mathematically deduced.
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unmatched count
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The control group is asked how many of the following statements apply: I have changed my place of residence. I own a pet. I like to go to the theatre. I have never been in a traffic accident.Let the total number of "yes" answers from this group be 410. The second group additionally gets a question concerning the point of interest: I have cheated on an examination.Let the total number of "yes" answers from this group be 460.
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unmatched count
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The number of "yes" answers in the control group is called the baseline. It is assumed that the second group would have given the same number, were it not for the critical question. Thus, their additional "yes" answers (50 in the example) are due to the critical question.
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unmatched count
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This is used to estimate the percentage of cheaters in the population. Let the number of participants in each group be 300. As expectation value, 50 of them answered "yes" to the critical question, meaning that approximately 17% of the population have cheated on examinations.
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wikipedia
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symbol theory of semiotics
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The semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce describes three distinct categories of signs: icons, indexes and symbols.
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kotava
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As an a priori constructed language, Kotava is not related to any other language, natural or constructed. The word order is very free, but current practice leans toward object–subject–verb. All objects and other complements must be introduced by prepositions. There are also innovations involving conjunctions and prepositions (its system of locative prepositions).
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kotava
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Numbers take the form of radical prefixes, which can be suffixed with certain attributes: Suffixes: -oy (cardinal numbers) -eaf (ordinal numbers) -da (years) -ka (days) jon- … -af (multiplied by) fuxe- … -af (divided by) vol- (negative numbers)Mathematical signs: = dum (equals) + do (plus) - bas (minus) × jon (times) / fuxe (divided by)
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cabaña pasiega
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Usually it is a warehouse buildings, divided into two levels, with support in the perimeter walls and in one or two pillars of the watershed of the roof. Are built on good-sized masonry, with limestone of the place, with roofs of slate flagstones. The access to ground floor, used as a stable for animals, is made directly from the field level by a door with wooden lintel.
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cabaña pasiega
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The upper floor, usually entitled to housing or warehouse, usually accessed through a Patín, consistent, in the most ancient examples, in a step ladder of slab, with a terrace or landing, which is usually covered with an extension of the eaves cover. Sometimes, when the cabin is on steep slope, is made from the side access located in the high altitude, although it is not usual. Holes in the walls are scarce and small in size, as a defense against the cold.
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maison de l'orient et de la méditerranée
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HiSoMA, History and Sources of the ancient world: UMR 5189 CNRS. Archéorient, Environments and societies of the ancient East: UMR 5133 CNRS. GREMMO, Group Research and Studies on the Mediterranean and the Middle East: UMR 5195 CNRS. Archaeometry and Archaeology, originally dating and Materials Technology: HiSoMA-UMR 5138 CNRS.
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maison de l'orient et de la méditerranée
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APRI, Institute of Research onancient architecture: UMR 6222 CNRS, Lyon office. Romanitas: Young team 2409. Centre Jean Palerne: host team 3067, Saint Etienne.
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oer commons
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ISKME's OER research revealed how teachers’ exposure to OER, tools and professional development cultivates collaboration among teachers, as well as new conversations and reflection about teaching practices and roles. Petrides et al., 2011Furthermore, research conducted on the impact of teachers’ participation in ISKME's own OER training network revealed that engagement with OER reduced teacher isolation (Petrides & Jimes, 2010), as well as expanded the role of teachers in becoming more active innovators as they shared, collaborated and learned from one another (Petrides et al., 2011). This work also revealed the role that OER teacher champions play in sharing the benefits of OER with colleagues and supporting the knowledge sharing, collaboration, and use of OER in online OER communities (ISKME, 2008; Petrides & Jimes, 2010; Petrides et al., 2011). ISKME's OER research also explored OER as a vehicle for disseminating adaptable curricula that support learner-centric approaches to pedagogy.
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oer commons
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ISKME's evaluation of the Community College Open Textbook Project revealed that study habits improved when learners were able to interact with open course material, and that students’ use of open textbooks cultivated new, self-directed learning behaviors (Petrides et al., 2011). Finally, ISKME's research revealed the role that collaboration plays in supporting the creation of open educational resources. Specifically, ISKME's study of authors who created content within the open repository Connexions revealed how as content creation group size increased beyond one author, the probability that users stayed with Connexions (and continued to create content) increased with it (Petrides et al., 2008).
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oer commons
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ISKME's technology platform, tools, and metadata enhancement in its work with OER Commons are designed to support an open platform that serves as a knowledge base for content providers and platform developers, particularly related to accessibility and inclusive design. Metadata, data that describes a resource, and in the case of open educational resources, includes descriptors such as title, author, material type, and material license. Metadata standards provide a template for OER providers to share their resources with other providers. OER Commons receives feeds of OER in Dublin Core (DC), IEEE's Learning Object Metadata (LOM), and RSS.
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oer commons
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OER Commons provide targets to other providers to harvest content in these formats. Partnered with the Inclusive Design Research Centre since 2010 to incorporate FLOE components into the OER Commons platform, ISKME's efforts combine OER discovery and enhancement tools and processes with FLOE's personalized network-delivered accessibility standards and tools. In 2012, ISKME released Open Author, an authoring and remixing environment to support the creation and adaption of multi-media accessible OER and enable collaborative workflows of content reviewers and creators.
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oer commons
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The authoring environment produces OER that is accessible using a broad range of assistive technology devices such as screen readers. To support user contributions, in 2010 ISKME released the OER-Connector browser plug-in on GitHub that enables users to add resources to OER Commons.To support interoperability, OER Commons is an experimental node in the Learning Registry, a joint US Department of Education and US Department of Defense initiative to support educational content and platform interoperability.The OER Commons contains custom curated resource collections, or microsites. Within a microsite, OER is presented in the context of customized taxonomies to categorize and describe relevant OER.
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oer commons
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In 2011, ISKME announced the Green Micro-site with Greek partner Agro-Know. It is an aggregation of sustainability-related learning resources and features interdisciplinary lesson plans such as STEAM (Science Technology Engineering Art and Math) resources. The OER Commons infrastructure facilitates evaluation of content and alignment to quality rubrics and standards. Starting in 2011, OER Commons provides an embedded Common Core State Standards alignment tool and Achieve OER Rubric to support state-level curriculum committees as well as individual instructors to review content for quality and alignment and to collaboratively address gaps in content collections.
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history of tuberculosis
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Though removed from the cultural movement, the scientific understanding advanced considerably. By the end of the 19th century, several major breakthroughs gave hope that a cause and cure might be found. One of the most important physicians dedicated to the study of phthisiology was René Laennec, who died from the disease at the age of 45, after contracting tuberculosis while studying contagious patients and infected bodies. Laennec invented the stethoscope which he used to corroborate his auscultatory findings and prove the correspondence between the pulmonary lesions found on the lungs of autopsied tuberculosis patients and the respiratory symptoms seen in living patients.
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history of tuberculosis
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His most important work was Traité de l'Auscultation Médiate which detailed his discoveries on the utility of pulmonary auscultation in diagnosing tuberculosis. This book was promptly translated into English by John Forbes in 1821; it represents the beginning of the modern scientific understanding of tuberculosis.
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history of tuberculosis
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Laennec was named professional chair of Hôpital Necker in September 1816 and today he is considered the greatest French clinician.Laennec's work put him in contact with the vanguard of the French medical establishment, including Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. Louis would go on to use statistical methods to evaluate the different aspects of the disease's progression, the efficacy of various therapies and individuals' susceptibility, publishing an article in the Annales d'hygiène publique entitled "Note on the Relative Frequency of Phthisis in the Two Sexes". Another good friend and co-worker of Laennec, Gaspard Laurent Bayle, published an article in 1810 entitled Recherches sur la Pthisie Pulmonaire, in which he divided pthisis into six types: tubercular phthisis, glandular phthisis, ulcerous phthisis, phthisis with melanosis, calculous phthisis, and cancerous phthisis. He based his findings on more than 900 autopsies.In 1869, Jean Antoine Villemin demonstrated that the disease was indeed contagious, conducting an experiment in which tuberculous matter from human cadavers was injected into laboratory rabbits, which then became infected.On 24 March 1882, Robert Koch revealed the disease was caused by an infectious agent. In 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the X-ray, which allowed physicians to diagnose and track the progression of the disease, and although an effective medical treatment would not come for another fifty years, the incidence and mortality of tuberculosis began to decline.
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murder of lynette white
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Following the collapse of the corruption trial, eight former police officers and seven others sued South Wales Police for damage to their reputations. The action alleged malicious prosecution, false imprisonment and misfeasance in public office by South Wales Police. On 14 June 2016, Mr Justice Wyn Williams ruled that the force "was within its rights to investigate the officers" and dismissed the case.
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murder of lynette white
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He said: "I find it very difficult to understand how the accounts emerged as they did if no police officer was instrumental in what occurred. I have reached the clear conclusion that reasonable grounds existed from the start of LW3 to suspect that the untruthful accounts which the core four gave about the involvement of the original defendants in Lynette's murder were brought about by criminal conduct on the part of police officers involved in LW1 . In my judgment, it was permissible for LW3 officers to suspect that officers who had been part of LW1 had engaged in a conspiracy to mould and manipulate evidence." Furthermore, the explanation given by Chief Superintendent Thomas Page regarding documents that he had burned in his garden prior to his arrest, was, according to the judge, "open to considerable doubt".
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open agriculture initiative
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The Open Agriculture Initiative coined the term "Food Computer" to describe their main product. Originally developed under the MIT CityFARM project, the Food Computer was a controlled-environment agriculture platform that used soilless agriculture technologies including hydroponic and aeroponic systems to grow crops indoors. The Food Computer also used an array of sensors to monitor the internal climate within a specialized growing chamber and adjust it so that the environmental conditions would remain consistent and optimum.The climate inside of a growing chamber was supposed to be tightly controlled to enhance food production and quality. The data on the climate conditions during a given harvest cycle could be logged online as a "climate recipe", and the phenotypic expressions (observable characteristics) of the plant could also be monitored and recorded.
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open agriculture initiative
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These recipes were recorded in an online database that was to be openly accessible so that climate conditions could be downloaded by other users around the globe.The term Food Computer was applied generally to any of the Open Agriculture Initiative's controlled-environment systems, or specifically to the smallest model, which was also called a Personal Food Computer. The tabletop-sized unit was intended for use in homes, classrooms, and small-scale experimental facilities. The mid-sized model, or Food Server, was the size of an internationally-standardized shipping container, and would utilize vertical farming structures.
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open agriculture initiative
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It was intended for use in cafeterias, restaurants, local grocers, and large-scale experimental facilities. The largest versions of the Food Computer were to be warehouse-sized Food Data Centers that would function on the level of industrial crop production.Food Computers were never commercially available. As of 2016, there were six prototype Personal Food Computers operating in schools around the Boston area, and three Food Servers operating at MIT, Michigan State University, and Unidad Guadalajara (Cinvestav) in Mexico. Build directions and schematics were available for makers and hobbyists, while more-widespread availability was expected once manufacturing began.
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open agriculture initiative
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In September 2019, former employees at Fenome, the startup spun off from OpenAg, openly discussed the failure of their Food Computers to maintain the controlled environment required for growing food. They alleged that photographic results and growth data had been falsified for presentations to investors and the general public. A series of internal emails sent by Babak Babakinejad, the former lead scientist of the project, backed up these allegations.Further investigations in November showed that the Food Computers which principal investigator Harper claimed had been sent to a refugee camp for Syrian refugees in Azraq had instead been sent to a World Food Programme office in Amman, where they failed to grow food.
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open agriculture initiative
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In September 2019, Boston radio station WBUR published a report detailing charges that the OpenAg initiative lab at MIT's Bates Research and Engineering Center in Middleton had been dumping nitrogen-laden hydroponics solution into the wastewater system at levels above the state's mandated limits of 10 ppm, leading to an investigation by the Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP).MIT was assessed a fine of $25,125 for this violation. MIT agreed to pay $15,000 and to close a wastewater injection well, and to prepare a wastewater management plan for MassDEP approval.
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nothing, forever
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Nothing, Forever is procedurally generated. Dialogue is currently generated through GPT-3, a language model from OpenAI. Other technologies used include Stable Diffusion, DALL-E, and Azure Cognitive Services.
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nothing, forever
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To generate new scenes, an Azure Function written in TypeScript is used. The machine learning models were written in Python using TensorFlow, while the show is rendered using Unity and C#.To fund the show, Mismatch Media maintains a Patreon; the highest tier allows viewers to request an appearance of a character based on them within the show. Twitch streamer xQc purchased the tier on a livestream.
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talking gravestones of föhr
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The texts on most gravestones are exclusively written in the "noble" church language of Standard German (Hochdeutsch) although the island then used to belong to Denmark and the everyday-language was Fering, a local dialect of the North Frisian language which is still spoken today. A few stones exhibit texts in Low German which used to be the official and ecclesiastical language until around 1700, while other texts are written in Latin. Some 20th-century tombstones have inscriptions in Fering. In order to tell the long biographies on the limited space of the stone slab, the stonemasons sometimes used abbreviations: J.S.G.G.S.
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talking gravestones of föhr
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= Ihren Seelen Gott gnädig sei D.S.G.G.S. = Deren Seelen Gott gnädig sei I.S.S.G.G. = Ihrer Seele sei Gott gnädig D.S.G.G.I.
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talking gravestones of föhr
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= Deren Seelen Gott gnädig ist G.S.S.S.G. = Gott sei seiner Seele gnädig .The relief decorations are kept in baroque and rococo style.
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talking gravestones of föhr
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They are often detailed and fantastic with unique forms that are not repeated. The images may show "angels as symbols of justice, happiness, and a sign of faith, love and hope, but also ships, windmills and the family tree are shown". Scenes from the Bible are often the main motive of the ornaments on a stone.
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talking gravestones of föhr
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When a seafarer died on his ship, the ship is depicted with full sails while unrigged ships mean that the sailor died on land. Other popular motives are items from the deceased person's daily trade but also Lady Justice.A special iconographic tradition can be found in the floral motives: the husband and the sons of a family are depicted on the left-hand side of the image as tulip-like flowers whereas the wife and daughters are shown on the right-hand side as star-shaped flowers with four petals. A broken stalk is a sign that the respective person was already dead when the tombstone was created. The frequency of broken flowers attests a high rate of infant mortality.
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first language
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A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language or dialect that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period. In some countries, the term native language or mother tongue refers to the language or dialect of one's ethnic group rather than the individual's actual first language. Generally, to state a language as a mother tongue, one must have full native fluency in that language.
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first language
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The first language of a child is part of that child's personal, social and cultural identity. Another impact of the first language is that it brings about the reflection and learning of successful social patterns of acting and speaking. Research suggests that while a non-native speaker may develop fluency in a targeted language after about two years of immersion, it can take between five and seven years for that child to be on the same working level as their native speaking counterparts.On 17 November 1999, UNESCO designated 21 February as International Mother Language Day.
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first language
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The person qualifies as a "native speaker" of a language by being born and immersed in the language during youth, in a family in which the adults shared a similar language experience to the child. Native speakers are considered to be an authority on their given language because of their natural acquisition process regarding the language, as opposed to having learned the language later in life. That is achieved by personal interaction with the language and speakers of the language.
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first language
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Native speakers will not necessarily be knowledgeable about every grammatical rule of the language, but they will have good "intuition" of the rules through their experience with the language.The designation "native language", in its general usage, is thought to be imprecise and subject to various interpretations that are biased linguistically, especially with respect to bilingual children from ethnic minority groups. Many scholars have given definitions of "native language" based on common usage, the emotional relation of the speaker towards the language, and even its dominance in relation to the environment. However, all three criteria lack precision. For many children whose home language differs from the language of the environment (the "official" language), it is debatable which language is their "native language".
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first language
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Based on origin: the language(s) or dialect one learned first (the language(s) or dialect in which one has established the first long-lasting verbal contacts). Based on internal identification: the language(s) one identifies with/as a speaker of; Based on external identification: the language(s) one is identified with/as a speaker of, by others. Based on competence: the language(s) one knows best. Based on function: the language(s) one uses most.In some countries, such as Kenya, India, Belarus, Ukraine and various East Asian and Central Asian countries, "mother language" or "native language" is used to indicate the language of one's ethnic group in both common and journalistic parlance ("I have no apologies for not learning my mother tongue"), rather than one's first language.
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first language
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Also, in Singapore, "mother tongue" refers to the language of one's ethnic group regardless of actual proficiency, and the "first language" refers to English, which was established on the island under the British Empire, and is the lingua franca for most post-independence Singaporeans because of its use as the language of instruction in government schools and as a working language. In the context of population censuses conducted on the Canadian population, Statistics Canada defines mother tongue as "the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census." It is quite possible that the first language learned is no longer a speaker's dominant language.
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first language
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That includes young immigrant children whose families have moved to a new linguistic environment as well as people who learned their mother tongue as a young child at home (rather than the language of the majority of the community), who may have lost, in part or in totality, the language they first acquired (see language attrition). According to Ivan Illich, the term "mother tongue" was first used by Catholic monks to designate a particular language they used, instead of Latin, when they were "speaking from the pulpit". That is, the "holy mother the Church" introduced this term and colonies inherited it from Christianity as a part of colonialism.
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first language
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J. R. R. Tolkien, in his 1955 lecture "English and Welsh", distinguishes the "native tongue" from the "cradle tongue". The latter is the language one learns during early childhood, and one's true "native tongue" may be different, possibly determined by an inherited linguistic taste and may later in life be discovered by a strong emotional affinity to a specific dialect (Tolkien personally confessed to such an affinity to the Middle English of the West Midlands in particular). Children brought up speaking more than one language can have more than one native language, and be bilingual or multilingual. By contrast, a second language is any language that one speaks other than one's first language.
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first language
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A related concept is bilingualism. One definition is that a person is bilingual if they are equally proficient in two languages. Someone who grows up speaking Spanish and then learns English for four years is bilingual only if they speak the two languages with equal fluency. Pearl and Lambert were the first to test only "balanced" bilinguals—that is, a child who is completely fluent in two languages and feels that neither is their "native" language because they grasp both so perfectly. This study found that balanced bilinguals perform significantly better in tasks that require flexibility (they constantly shift between the two known languages depending on the situation), they are more aware of the arbitrary nature of language, they choose word associations based on logical rather than phonetic preferences.
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first language
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One can have two or more native languages, thus being a native bilingual or indeed multilingual. The order in which these languages are learned is not necessarily the order of proficiency. For instance, if a French-speaking couple have a child who learned French first but then grew up in an English-speaking country, the child would likely be most proficient in English.
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first language
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Defining what constitutes a native speaker is difficult, and there is no test which can identify one. It is not known whether native speakers are a defined group of people, or if the concept should be thought of as a perfect prototype to which actual speakers may or may not conform.An article titled "The Native Speaker: An Achievable Model?" published by the Asian EFL Journal states that there are six general principles that relate to the definition of "native speaker". The principles, according to the study, are typically accepted by language experts across the scientific field.
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first language
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A native speaker is defined according to the following guidelines: The individual acquired the language in early childhood and maintains the use of the language. The individual has intuitive knowledge of the language. The individual is able to produce fluent, spontaneous discourse.
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first language
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The individual is communicatively competent in different social contexts. The individual identifies with or is identified by a language community. The individual does not have a foreign accent.
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first language
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Translanguaging connects languages to help learners build an understanding of new languages. In multilingual settings, learners can benefit from using what they already know, such as grammar, and spelling pronunciation, to support understanding of new words.
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peri-urban agriculture
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Peri-urban agriculture is multifunctional. "Multifunctional agriculture" refers to agriculture beyond its primary role of producing food and fibre, but as also having other functions. The key elements of multifunctionality are commodity and non-commodity outputs. Commodity outputs are food and fiber, as well as marketable products such as tourism. Non-commodity outputs include, food security, food safety, environmental protection, biodiversity, and a rural way of life.Also, the concept of multifunctionality is based on the idea of sustainable development, it aims at integrating the information over time and the geography of land uses and functions beyond its traditional function of food production, to include nature conservation, hydrological balance, aesthetics and recreation. According to OECD, "beyond its primary function of supplying food and fiber, agricultural activity can also shape the landscape, provide environmental benefits such as land conservation, the sustainable management of renewable natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity, and contribute to the socio-economic viability of many rural areas".
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peri-urban agriculture
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In developing countries, besides the question of food security, one significant social dimension of peri-urban agriculture, specifically around production sites, is the rebuilding of communities and civil society.Studies have shown that urban gardening and farming, particularly when done in a community setting, have positive effects on nutrition, fitness, self-esteem, and happiness, providing a benefit for both physical and mental health.Closely related to health is food security, or dependable access to adequate and nutritious food. Urban gardening may be an opportunity for the urban poor to produce food for themselves or to sell their products for income, adding to income security. Localized agriculture can also improve resilience by ensuring that there will be a more certain food supply in times of shortage, instability, and uncertainty.
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peri-urban agriculture
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Indeed, peri-urban agriculture can be advantageous because of the proximity of production to the consumer. Particularly, the fresh fruits, vegetables and local foods that are available for communities and neighborhoods that live in food deserts.In addition, residents who share a plot of land may benefit from social interaction and recreation with others. Agriculture is often an effective strategy for poverty reduction and social integration of disadvantaged groups, with the aims of integrating them into the urban network, providing a decent livelihood, and preventing social problems such as drugs and crime.
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peri-urban agriculture
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In many urban areas peri-urban agriculture reduces the environmental impacts of urban expansion by serving as an ecological buffer. Unlike traditional farmers, peri-urban professionals have greater conscious of the ecological value of the environment.Moreover, local production and consumption of foods reduces the consumption of energy due to shorter transportation distances, less packaging and processing, and greater efficiency in production inputs. Likewise, the recycling of urban waste into compost and waste water for irrigation conserves energy. Peri-urban systems, can also contribute to biodiversity conservation through the integration of native species, as well as modify positively urban micro-climates by regulating humidity, providing shade and regulating the wind.Comparatively to conventional food systems, the limited use of energy in peri-urban agriculture reduces greenhouse gas emissions and has lower impacts on global warming.
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peri-urban agriculture
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The new business opportunities generated by peri-urban agriculture allow the creation of jobs and the generation of revenue, as well as improving local infrastructure and services, such as the construction of roads, schools, and restaurants. It also furthers agricultural training and education. Indeed, beyond providing productivity to vacant land, treated wastewater and recycled waste, urban and peri-urban agriculture is an important source of income for many urban poor. Farming households lower their food costs substantially and can generate income by selling excess produce, which is significant, as urban poor commonly spend 50-70% of their income on food.
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peri-urban agriculture
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In addition to farming jobs, peri-urban agriculture can spark a need for traders, input suppliers, processors, marketers, and others. Peri-urban agriculture gives women and other non-heads of household a low-barrier occupation through which to support their families, adding to household productivity and giving women an outlet to assert themselves.Producing food in areas nearby to cities shortens supply chains, which aids quality and cost. The proximity of peri-urban farms to urban areas incurs cost savings compared to those in rural areas, as farms are still able to take advantage of economies of scale, to an extent, and require less transportation infrastructure to bring food in from city outskirts. Perishable products are more easily preserved. Peri-urban farms are also able to flexibly respond and market themselves to urban consumer demands, since they are able to be closer and more specialized, and are tightly linked to the urban economy.
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job crafting
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The term 'job crafting' was originally coined by Amy Wrzesniewski and Jane E. Dutton in 2001, however the idea that employees may redesign their jobs without the involvement of management has been present in job design literature since 1987. Wrzesniewski and Dutton's (2001) initial definition limited job crafting to three forms: Changes made by employees in their jobs tasks (i.e. task crafting), job relationships (i.e. relational crafting), and meaning of the job (i.e. cognitive crafting). More recent developments have indicated that employees may change other aspects of the job; to cover this broader scope, Maria Tims and Arnold B. Bakker proposed in 2010 that job crafting be framed within the job-demands resources (JD-R) model.Recent theoretical developments have classified job crafting behaviours into two higher-order constructs: Approach crafting, which refers to self-directed actions to gain positive work aspects; and avoidance crafting, which refers to self-directed actions to avoid negative work aspects. These two constructs can then be further differentiated depending on whether the job crafting is behavioural (i.e. the individual makes actual changes to the job) or cognitive (i.e. the individual changes the way they think about the work). Further differentiating can then be made depending on whether individuals change their job resources or job demands, resulting in eight 'types' of job crafting (e.g., approach behavioural resource crafting).
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johan skytte prize in political science
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The Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science (Swedish: Skytteanska priset) was established in 1995 by the Johan Skytte Foundation at Uppsala University. The foundation itself goes back to the donation in 1622 from Johan Skytte (1577–1645), politician and chancellor of the university, which established the Skyttean professorship of Eloquence and Government. The prize, 500,000 Swedish kronor (approximately $52,000) is to be given "to the scholar who in the view of the Foundation has made the most valuable contribution to political science". Since its creation in 1995, the Johan Skytte Prize has garnered a prestigious reputation within the social science community, earning the nickname "the Nobel Prize for Political Science." According to reputation surveys conducted in 2013–2014 and 2018, it is the most prestigious international academic award in political science.
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trevor paglen
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Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian in 2015, said that Paglen, whose "ongoing grand project the murky world of global state surveillance and the ethics of drone warfare", "is one of the most conceptually adventurous political artists working today, and has collaborated with scientists and human rights activists on his always ambitious multimedia projects." His visual work such as his "Limit Telephotography" and "The Other Night Sky" series have received widespread attention for both his technical innovations and for his conceptual project that involves simultaneously making and negating documentary-style truth-claims. The contrasts between secrecy and revelation, evidence and abstraction distinguish Paglen's work. With that the artist presents not so much "evidence" as admonitions to awareness.He was an Eyebeam Commissioned Artist in 2007.
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trevor paglen
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In 2008 the Berkeley Art Museum devoted a comprehensive solo exhibition to his work. In the next year, Paglen took part in the Istanbul Biennial, and in 2010 he exhibited at the Vienna Secession.Autonomy Cube was a project by Paglen and Jacob Appelbaum which placed relays for the anonymous communication network Tor in traditional art museums.Paglen is featured in the nerd culture documentary, Traceroute (2016). Orbital Reflector was a reflective, mylar sculpture by Paglen intended to be the first "purely artistic" object in space. The temporary satellite, containing an inflatable mylar balloon with reflective surface, launched into space 3 December 2018.A mid-career survey in 2018–2019, Trevor Paglen: Sites Unseen, was a traveling exhibition shown at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington DC and Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego.In September 2020, Pace Gallery in London held an exhibition of Trevor Paglen's work, exploring 'the weird, partial ways computers look back at us'.His work is included in the permanent collections of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Columbus Museum of Art, and Metropolitan Museum.
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trevor paglen
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Paglen is credited with coining the term "Experimental Geography" to describe practices coupling experimental cultural production and art-making with ideas from critical human geography about the production of space, materialism, and praxis. The 2009 book Experimental Geography: Radical Approaches to Landscape, Cartography, and Urbanism is largely inspired by Paglen's work.
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trevor paglen
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Free works of Trevor Paglen at Wikimedia Commons
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market for loyalties theory
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Market for Loyalties Theory is a media theory based upon neoclassical economics. It describes why governments and power-holders monopolize radio, satellite, internet and other media through censorship using regulations, technology and other controls. It has also been used to theorize about what happens when there is a loss of monopoly or oligopoly.
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market for loyalties theory
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The theory was originally developed in the 1990s by Monroe Price, professor of law at Cardozo Law School and professor of communication studies at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. His theory explains media regulation in terms of a market with an exchange, not of cash for goods or services, but identity for loyalty. Price describes sellers as: "Sellers in the market are all those for whom myths and dreams and history can somehow be converted into power and wealth—classically states, governments, interest groups, business and others." Price illustrates buyers, medium of exchange, and their relationship: The "buyers" are citizens, subjects, nationals, consumers—recipients of packages of information, propaganda, advertisements, drama, and news propounded by the media.
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market for loyalties theory
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The consumer "pays" for one set of identities or another in several ways that, together, we call "loyalty" or "citizenship." Payment, however, is not expressed in the ordinary coin of the realm: It includes not only compliance with tax obligations, but also obedience to laws, readiness to fight in armed services, or even continued residence within a country. Finally, the concept of identity consists of a party platform, ideology, or national ideals and aspirations.
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market for loyalties theory
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It may be as ephemeral as the hope for a better future or as concrete as the desire for a national homeland. Identity is valuable to buyers as it contains both the legacy of their history and the promise of their dreams for the future (whether it is for wealth, a better life, or an education). The central idea is that governments and power-holders act in such a way as to preserve their control over the market. The theory was applied with respect to markets offering identity through various media—radio and satellite broadcasting and the internet.
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market for loyalties theory
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When a monopoly or oligopoly over the flow of information is lost, the unavoidable consequence is destabilization. Market for Loyalties Theory predicts the consequences of loss of control through the application of the concept of elasticity. All other factors being equal, the less elasticity in the market prior to the loss of monopoly or oligopoly, the greater the destabilizing effect of the loss of such control. Four factors affect elasticity: the number of substitute products (or identities) in the market and their closeness to the good in question; effects from marginal consumers; complications from wholesale and retail marketing; and the temporal, informational, and transaction costs necessary for consumers to learn about and take advantage of competing products.Substitute goods consist of two items where "a rise in the price of one causes an increase in demand for the other."
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market for loyalties theory
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In 1926, Marco Fanno, an Italian economist, demonstrated that elasticity (and more importantly, stability) increase with additional substitutes. In the case of the Market for Loyalties, the more substitutes for "identity", and by implication the more competition of "identity" in the instance of oligopoly, the more elastic the demand curve and the less destabilizing a loss of monopoly or oligopoly over an information environment will have. Furthermore, as the number of competing messages of identity in the Market for Loyalties approaches infinity, the presence of any new message of identity should have infinitesimal effect.
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market for loyalties theory
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Thus, when the concept of elasticity is applied to Market for Loyalties Theory, it creates an argument supporting the broadest possible freedom of speech.A complete understanding of the economics underlying the loss of monopoly control over the market requires consideration of other factors of elasticity besides substitute goods. Additional consumers of identity, who were sidelined during prior periods of oligopoly.
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market for loyalties theory
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For instance Shi'a were marginalized in Iraq from fully participating in society during Saddam Husein's regime, and the Shi'a presence after the fall of the regime would increase demand in the Market for Loyalties.Another important factor affecting elasticity in the Market for Loyalties and stability after loss of monopolized control is the presence of retail and wholesale markets. In Iraq the significance of tribalism, whereby loyalty could be sold "wholesale" had the effect of locking in the choices of individuals to their particular tribe. They simply were not free to choose their allegiances.
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market for loyalties theory
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The ultimate effect was to increase the inelasticity of the demand curve, thereby increasing the instability after the Market for Loyalties became more open following the removal of Saddam Husein's regime (the principal censor of information in the market).High transaction costs (the cost of switching loyalty) also can work to create a steep demand curve and instability following monopoly control. The cost of shifting identity with and loyalty to various tribes, political organizations, and religions can be quite high—resulting in a loss of family, friends and social standing and even trigger persecution. In an intolerant society, the high transaction costs of shifting one's identity and loyalty also operate to produce an inelastic demand curve and instability upon opening of a Market for Loyalties that had been previously constricted by monopoly or oligopoly.During the Arab Spring market for loyalties theory has been applied to explain why certain countries were more destabilized by events due to having a weaker information environment and the effect of the loss of monopoly control over that environment. This was especially true of Syria.
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organizational dissent
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Leaders should avoid focusing on qualitative data. The employees may become more focused on the data than the real issue(s).
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montafonerhaus
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The Montafonerhaus is a so-called Paarhof. This means that the house and the stable or other additional buildings (e.g., for equipment storage) are separated. In contrast to this, the Bregenzerwälderhaus is a Einhof (byre-dwelling) which means that the house and stable are both under one roof.From a functional point of view, Montafon houses were mostly multi-generational houses that also integrated the agricultural part.
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montafonerhaus
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There are two basic types, depending on where the entrance door is located: in type I it is in the valley-facing gable wall, in type II the entrance is on the side of the eaves sheltered from the wind.
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triclabendazole
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It is a member of the benzimidazole family of anthelmintics. The benzimidazole drugs share a common molecular structure, triclabendazole being the exception in having a chlorinated benzene ring but no carbamate group. Benzimidazoles such as triclabendazole are generally accepted to bind to beta-tubulin therefore preventing the polymerization of microtubules.
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transportation in connecticut
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Southwestern Connecticut is served by MTA's Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line, providing commuter service to New York City and New Haven, with branches servicing New Canaan, Danbury, and Waterbury. Connecticut lies along Amtrak's Northeast Corridor which features frequent Northeast Regional and Acela Express service. Towns between New Haven and New London are also served by the Shore Line East commuter line. Operation of commuter trains from New Haven to Springfield on Amtrak's New Haven-Springfield Line is under consideration. Amtrak also operates a shuttle service between New Haven and Springfield, Massachusetts, servicing Hartford and other towns on the corridor.
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transportation in connecticut
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Statewide bus service is supplied by Connecticut Transit, owned by the Connecticut Department of Transportation, with smaller municipal authorities providing local service. Bus networks are an important part of the transportation system in Connecticut, especially in urban areas like Hartford, Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport and New Haven. The state also operates CTfastrak, a bus rapid transit line linking New Britain and Hartford.
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transportation in connecticut
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Bradley International Airport is located in Windsor Locks, 15 miles (24 km) north of Hartford. Regional air service is provided at Tweed New Haven Regional Airport. Larger civil airports include Danbury Municipal Airport (private planes only) and Waterbury-Oxford Airport in western Connecticut. Sikorsky Memorial Airport is located in Stratford and mostly services cargo, helicopter and private aviation. The Westchester County Airport in Harrison, New York serves much of southwestern Connecticut.
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evolution and human behavior
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The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.178.
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reverse speech
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Most academics in the field of linguistics have not paid attention to Oates' work, and it has been called a pseudoscience. For the most part, universities and research institutes have refused to test Oates' theories because of a lack of theoretical basis to make his predictions even worth testing, and the fact that many of his claims are untestable, but one of the few scientific experiments to evaluate Oates' claims did not support his findings. Others have criticized "reverse speech" as lacking a rigorous methodology and not being informed by an understanding of issues in linguistics, and characterized Oates as "more interested in making a profit than educating others," pointing out the large amount of merchandise and services his website sells. Reverse speech has been compared to the controversial field (labelled a pseudoscience by some) of neuro-linguistic programming.
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reverse speech
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Because of the "dogmatic" tone of Oates' material, reverse speech has been compared to "fringe literature. "Oates' own claims about the applications of reverse speech have also been challenged. One report has questioned whether reverse speech was ever really used in police work, as Oates claimed.
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reverse speech
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Likewise, his claim that reverse speech has applications in psychology and psychotherapy is not supported by mainstream research in those fields. Oates' work has been described as "dangerous" because of its potential for misuse and the likelihood of leading to false accusations of people in criminal courts, similarly to the controversial practice of facilitated communication. == References ==
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