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ce8da9dc-a925-42ee-abaf-2310d25151a2 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
2
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................. 3
Chapter 1. .................................................... 4
Save Money on Food ............................... | [
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0abb5895-8d26-4626-89cb-1dc035813446 | Charcoal, the miracle substance ................. 16
Chapter 5. .................................................. 21
Preserve your own meat .............................. 21
Chapter 6. .................................................. 25
Make your own household products ........... 25
Conclusion ................... | [
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8c30b6b6-8ee4-404b-939a-f48dacafa376 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
3
Introduction
Who isn’t worried about the risk of another economic crash? The global
financial crisis of 2008 was bad enough, but many fear that it was just an
outrider of an even bigger crash to come. ... | [
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ee30bb48-567a-40b5-8c51-62bde25da1bc | The global economy shrank by 15% and a quarter of Americans were
unemployed. Finance, industry, agriculture… every part of the economy was
devastated, and millions were thrown into poverty.
This was a tougher generation, though, and they didn’t give up. Instead people
used every skill they had to save money, keep t... | [
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b4d5ea14-a77e-44f2-ac4e-14f52f99fb54 | 1930s. They might seem archaic, even primitive – but they work. If you
rediscover the lost ways of our ancestors you’ll be able to eat better and more
cheaply; you’ll know how to cook without running up your utility bills; you’ll
be able to fix things instead of throwing them away and replacing them; you’ll
be able... | [
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8d0a202f-f986-4646-a935-f90da9a3a4cd | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
4
Chapter 1.
Save Money on Food | [
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906e68af-d2e9-4e05-8be1-aa91193bd68c | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
5
The grocery bill for the average American is more than $75 a week.
Even if you follow the USDA’s “Thrifty Food Plan” you’ll still be
handing over more than $50 a week just to keep yourself fed. That’s
a ... | [
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9e42fbf4-8560-4e3a-a4db-cdbd9c0e5e6d | Luckily many of them were farmers and rural people, and they
knew where to find food that was free for the taking.
That’s right – there is free food all around you, if you know where
to look. Every part of the USA has a rich variety of edible wild plants
that you can harvest and eat without it costing you a penny. ... | [
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7703361a-fb2e-465d-bcd8-532d5b5dbc98 | of strength or skill. Almost anyone can do it – so you can teach
your kids to forage for some simple items wh ile you get on with
hunting or working in your vegetable plot. Foraging can be done in
any spare time you get, giving you an effective way to add to your
diet.
Is foraged food worth eating?
We’re used to ... | [
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a2bc9dce-dc5f-46a6-b696-e13353affd14 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
6
Well, some isn’t. Grass, for example, isn’t worth the bother of
collecting. There’s a reason cows have complicated digestive
systems and spend pretty much all their time eating grass – it’s a
very low va... | [
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d978d3d5-5be6-4f03-9c4b-d25d81c986bd | resourceful forager they’re a valuable food source, and almost every
part of the plant can be eaten.
In spring, young dandelion leaves can be used as a salad green; as
summer approaches they start to become bitter, but you can boil
that taste out of them. The flowers can be dipped in batter and fried
– they’re gre... | [
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9136c82e-db69-4240-a20a-ef4ceb12536a | as a salad, or boiled for two minutes and served hot.
One of the most versatile plants of all is the cattail, and it grows
virtually anywhere there’s a water source. This plant is also called
corn dog grass from the shape of its flower heads – they look like a
sausage threaded on a stick. It doesn’t taste like a ... | [
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bc77c112-1606-4eb3-9423-6ae3cced0593 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
7
poultice for blisters and infected cuts, and the smoke from burning
heads repels insects.
Cattails are also a really good food source all year round. In spring
the young shots can be eaten raw, boiled or... | [
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f7f31cb2-c63b-4cce-be1e-c50da305b75c | are starchy and nutritious; they contain ten times as much starch
as potatoes and can be boiled, steamed or fried . Clean the roots
and crush them to separate the starchy flesh from the tough fibers,
or boil them and strain out the fibers as the starch breaks down,
leaving you with a thick carbohydrate-rich liquid.... | [
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d6ca63eb-a2c5-4eb3-b996-61513855956f | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
8
Chapter 2.
Bake your own
bread | [
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83cd837a-a786-4367-98d3-4744e80094bc | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
9
Bread is a staple food – but it’s not a cheap one . Generic white
bread will cost you at least a dollar for a 2 0oz loaf, and what you
get for that dollar is not, to put it mildly, great bread. If you wan... | [
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6056a96f-5a05-47c4-8fef-4b10b8f7050d | bill. Flour can be stored for a lot longer than bread, too, so you can
save even more money by buying it in bulk.
Just two or three generations ago many people most people ma de
their own bread, but most of us have lost the habit. Making bread
doesn’t take that much time, and in any case, in a financial crisis
tim... | [
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78045d61-02c9-4264-8ed1-ae1521186a3f | The most common way, however, is to use yeast or another active
substance that releases gas and aerates the dough. Baker’s yeast
is easy to find and not very expensive, but it has a limited life –
and, in a real c risis, you might not be able to guarantee a supply
of it. Luckily there’s an alternative.
Yeast has b... | [
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10045603-63fa-43b2-a2d4-104b0d822944 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
10
wild yeast and most of them will work fine for either baking or
brewing. Wild yeast can be found on the skins of fruit, they live in
the soil and they’re carried around by insects. They also drift
aroun... | [
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a39d973c-1ced-4c78-86e7-69d34c15bc09 | barley and hops, and left it to ferment. And it did – because wild
yeast landed in the huge open tubs, grew, reproduced, and
fermented the beer.
For most of history, the most common way to make bread used a
smaller-scale version of this. Bakers noticed that if they left a mix
of flour and water exposed to the air ... | [
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d8ea08a0-0c72-4461-8591-a9111c3d7906 | make. Best of all, as long as you have flour and water you can make
a sourdough starter, so you’ll never have to rely on being able to
buy yeast again.
Making a starter
To get your starter going you only need four things:
• A glass bowl or wide-mouthed jar
• Water – filter it, or use water from a well or spring. ... | [
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503e9df9-f7a0-425f-b497-a4b72e378aee | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
11
Pour half a cup of water into the bowl and gradually add half a cup
of flour, stirring constantly. Mix it well unti l it feels like thick
pancake batter. Now cover the bowl with cheesecloth. This will ke... | [
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fd3a1826-ca28-407c-ad3e-586c9a99f5b3 | it’s ready to use. You’ll also be able to pick up a sour, vinegary
smell.
Your starter will need to be constantly fed, or the yeast will eat all
the carbohydrates in the flour and eventually starve to death. This
is one of the great things about sourdough – the starter constantly
grows itself, so once you have it ... | [
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c5934153-8bb6-4bcf-bd31-64899ce082ac | After eight to ten minutes of kneading, put it in a greased bread tin
or shape it on a baking sheet. Cover it with a damp towel, put a dry
towel over that, then leave it to rise until it’s doubled in volume.
This takes longer with sourdough – twelve hours, at least, and
sometimes up to a full day. To check if it’s... | [
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3e177243-a070-4708-9174-825cf1536cd8 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
12
350°F and bake for abou t 40 minutes, or until the top is golden
brown. And there you are – tasty, and very cheap, home -made
bread. | [
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c3568d79-4923-4f38-baac-b0a505c4724a | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
13
Chapter 3.
Cook efficiently | [
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dd906c96-c049-4db0-b1cf-b868207af867 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
14
Modern cooking appliances are great – but they use a lot of energy.
If your ancestors knew how much you spend on gas and electricity
for your kitchen they’d be appalled. People a few generations ago
wer... | [
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cc403f57-2c41-4123-a385-39827cbbd96d | but there’s timber on your property or nearby that can be cut for
wood, you’re missing out on a great renewable fuel supply. Make
use of it by setting up an outdoor fireplace and using it for cooking.
This isn’t just a good way to save money on gas and electricity; it’s
also the core of your survival kitchen if the... | [
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08f63a93-4ea0-4428-83af-68deffa506c3 | anything on a fire.
For open fire cooking, look for old cast iron cookware at yard sales
or on ebay. Iron pots and skillets are most effective at using the
heat from a fire, and they also last forever if you care for them
properly. In particular, look for the biggest iron Dutch oven you
can find. Once you get it ... | [
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8d1807a2-6571-4330-bf3f-aa9431924715 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
15
with pastry and make a pie. You can even bake regular bread, too.
It’s a combination pot and oven, and ideal for using over an open
fire.
Dutch ovens are also ideal for slow-cooking economically. You ca... | [
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885d8423-7712-4000-ac31-978117e0e9e1 | fire will also get on with cooking stews while you do other things.
Just throw whatever meat and vegetables you have handy into the
oven. Add water and seasonings, and let it simmer slowly most of
the day. By dinner time you’ll have a delicious, rich stew. | [
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67853eb3-f20d-4df4-973e-0bb367ebab96 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
16
Chapter 4.
Charcoal, the
miracle substance | [
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5e595bf4-3083-4290-96e8-ff2e75806487 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
17
Imagine a substance that can purify water so it’s cleaner than what
comes out of the tap, cure upset stomachs, burn hotter than wood
or coal, and kick-start a metalworking industry – but doesn’t cost
an... | [
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6011133c-924b-435b-bc6a-1e6697a7b2c3 | can be used to generate intense heat – enough to smelt iron ore or
work metal on a forge – and it creates a steadier heat than wood;
it’s ideal for baking. It can be chemically activated to become one
of the most effective filter materials in existence. And you can make
it in your yard.
The industrial way t make ... | [
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274df8f3-1d73-4d32-bb13-dc108ff94ae2 | burning slowly, but without a steady flow of oxygen most of the
wood can’t burn. Instead, it’s heated intensely and the water and
volatile compounds in it start to boil off. Eventually you’re left with
charcoal.
The traditional way to make charcoal isn’t as efficient as using a
retort, but it doesn’t need any expe... | [
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5bf25db7-0a04-4fcc-b38d-1eaf754aa333 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
18
the stack with a layer of turf, then a layer of soil, leaving a hole at
the top. This kind of sealed fire is traditionally called a clamp.
Now make a torch by wrapping oily rags round one end of a stick,... | [
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3d42c2c1-9395-4342-af56-090543c09a8e | dramatically. If smoke starts escaping, quickly seal the spot with a
shovelful of soil – if smoke can get out, air can get in.
How long a clamp burns for depends on its siz e. Commercial
burners used to make clamps as large as thirty feet wide and ten
feet high, and they could burn for a week. The smallest one you ... | [
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f646d590-1226-4ca6-941d-68ff1b6d831a | wood, and that’s it – you have charcoal.
Once the charcoal is cool, sort out the smallest, cleanest bits – look
for chunks that have no ash or unburned wood, and are pure
black. Put these aside to be made into activated charcoal. Break
the rest up into convenient-sized chunks, let it dry, then use it for
grilling,... | [
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0ac3addd-1291-43fa-8535-fe761603bc3a | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
19
reasons; it’s good for preserving meat and canned vegetables, for
example.
To activate charcoal with it, the first thing to do is grind the
charcoal roughly. Then mix equal weights of charcoal and calci... | [
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1fff52de-5472-45c8-8860-8ab7dc685853 | charcoal. That increases its total surface area many times.
Once the mixture cools put it in a filter made of finely woven cloth
and rinse it well. Then let it dry. The water you rinse it with will be
black; run that through a coffee filter, because the black co lor is
the finest (and most powerful) particles of ch... | [
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97bbbe82-ac1f-4585-a2f9-84618ce5a4cf | to rebuild society after a major collapse; without charcoal there
won’t be any blacksmithing, iron smelting or metal casting. But it’s
also a good way to save money in an economic crisis.
Home-made activated charcoal water filters cost pennies, but are
as effective as expensive commercial ones; you can access limi... | [
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cdd120e5-1415-492e-bf20-3a0ac495de51 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
20
If you suffer from wind or indigestion you can stop spending money
on Tums. Just get a bag of empty capsules from your pharmacist
(they cost practically nothing) and fill them with activated charcoal.
W... | [
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5dd4b2b8-c184-4c61-a556-a3b0aca58ae9 | residue is corrosive.
Charcoal is a simple substance that’s easy to make from cheap raw
materials, but it can be used to replace a lot of more expensive
things you use. That makes it an effective tool to reduce the
amount of money you spend, and saving money is always valuable
in a financial crisis. | [
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94ee66da-9ce9-4409-a9c0-f322be005437 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
21
Chapter 5.
Preserve your own
meat | [
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e7cb23df-332f-48af-89dd-ae65c807edd9 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
22
The more processing meat gets, the more it costs when you pick it
up in your local store – and no meat from a store is going to be
cheaper than buying half a pig at the farm gate. Of course, if you
rai... | [
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c00daaf6-371e-45c5-936d-deab0a8e6fd5 | months. You can use exactly the same traditional methods to
preserve meat without using electricity.
One of the simplest ways to preserve meat is to cure it with salt.
Salt’s a natural preservative, and it can keep meet safe to eat for a
very long time – in the age of sail, ships would set off on voyages
lasting y... | [
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ce8b9943-d4f8-48f4-83b4-b191d79272b0 | Next, put the meat into the container one piece at a time and rub
each piece with the salt. Make sure you do this as thoroughly as
possible. When each piece has been rubbed, stack it in th e
container. You should finish up with some salt left in the bottom,
so add more if you need to. Don’t stack the meat too deep ... | [
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3aa760a0-4a94-4fe0-b871-996d73a77878 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
23
salt off the meat. Then wash and dry the container, and salt the
meat again. This time you should salt it heavily enough that the
meat’s almost hidden.
Leave the meat in the salt for about two weeks, tu... | [
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61402a65-8d0a-4148-8ee3-7ee1eba11671 | half submerged. If there’s less than half showing, or it sinks, stir
in more salt until half the egg is above the surface.
Now leave the meat in the broth for two more weeks. After that,
take it out, let it drain, then store it in a dry, well-aired place until
it’s needed – again, a root cellar is perfect. If neces... | [
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dc2503d1-fd98-4aeb-887b-4f2ac82f78a4 | You can render your own lard from pork back fat – simply cut it
into half-inch cubes and render them down in a heavy p an over a
medium heat. When the pan fills up with boiling fat and the cubes
start to turn crispy and golden, take it off the heat and leave it for
five minutes. Then strain out the cubes – these ar... | [
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11102a82-6015-44d6-b009-15c17484c81c | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
24
enough to cover the meat completely, plus at least another inch. If
you use exactly the same technique with smoked meat or sausages
it will last up to a year, if you seal the jars tightly and store them ... | [
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ed4fb0f1-bf2a-48b4-9b9f-58eec174977c | thoroughly then mix it with an equal weight of rendered beef tallow.
Finally, split it into portions and bag them, or press it into cupcake
molds, and let it cool. You’ll end up with a solid, energy-dense meat
product that can be stored for months or even years. | [
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4746f9d6-550d-4f66-ae04-5d3654c98cf2 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
25
Chapter 6.
Make your own
household products | [
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24d88c6d-35a0-408c-936b-e66dea512814 | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
26
Look at your grocery bill and see how much of it goes on non-food
items. You’ll probably be surprised at how much you spend on
personal and household cleaning products , among other things.
The good new... | [
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-0.... | {"source": "Efficient_Survival_Strategies.pdf", "page": 26} |
54837d76-72bd-4c39-b7d2-66bb63903e99 | No, it isn’t. A lot of other products you buy are, basically, soap.
Shampoo, shower gel, dish soap, laundry detergent, shaving cream
and many household cleaners – they’re all variants on soap, and
they can all be replaced with soap. Plain soap might take a bit more
effort than some specialized cleaners but it will ... | [
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e6c561de-cb77-4c25-bd40-18e918c02b1c | • 48oz oil (olive or canola are both fine)
• 15.5oz cold water
• 6.1oz lye crystals
Getting the proportions right is important, otherwise your soap
will either be caustic or won’t set (caustic soap is great for tough
degreasing jobs, so if you do end up with some it’s not a disaster).
A set of accurate electroni... | [
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5bae2eb9-b04f-4014-b957-874c93d9507d | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
27
Start by putting the water in a glass bowl or jar, then adding the
lye to it – never add water to lye, as it can explode. Add lye a bit at
a time and stir thoroughly, then add some more. It’ll start to f... | [
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254aed26-a272-429d-b38d-afa0c67f5af8 | soap easier to remove, but it isn’t really necessary. Seal the molds
and wrap them in a towel, to let them cool slowly, then leave them
for a day to set. Finally, remove the blocks of soap and cut them
into conveniently sized slices with a cleaver. You can leave them to
dry for a couple of weeks – that isn’t really... | [
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b7606261-32ce-4ca1-a057-ea38c6c965b1 | glues are great, they’re also expensive. Even a simp le glue stick
costs a couple of dollars, and that isn’t even very strong. A lot of
the time it really is cheaper to replace things, once you’ve figured
in the cost of the glue you need to fix them.
On the other hand, what if you could make glue from natural
ingr... | [
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66b0fc9c-5b3c-4fd3-a85f-b08ec8e5874b | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
28
bark above it. The rate resin collects in the can will depend on the
time of year, but you can tap as many trees as you like to speed up
production. Collected resin will harden; just break it up into lum... | [
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15b2b42a-0bba-434d-8787-afa4ca18c0bc | then stir in one part charcoal to two parts resin by volume. Mix it
in thoroughly, then pour the mixture into metal containers and let
it cool.
This glue is versatile and surprisingly strong. To use it, just heat
the container until the glue melts; then use it to stick practically
anything together and just let i... | [
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c700de2b-9e96-4fd6-b14e-7beba444c66b | Economic Crisis – Efficient Survival Strategies from Real People
Who Made It Through the Great Depression
29
Conclusion
We’ve had plenty of economic crashes – and the 2008 crisis was
bad – but nothing in living memory compares to the Great
Depression. The USA has never experienced anything like it before
or... | [
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fef7ab6a-4774-436f-833e-4c480ff99940 | economic growth.
If we can learn to cope with hardship as well as the survivors of the
Great Depression did, we’ll be able to get through almost anything
life can throw at us. A big part of that is having the skills to replace
things we buy with things we can make ourselves. Once you can
do that, you’ll find yours... | [
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0c582218-0375-47df-9edb-89a1e7435830 | PLETE OUTDOOR HANDBOOK
Contents
Introduction 8
Clothing 14
Personal kit 16
Undercover 18
Base camp kit 20
Cutting tools 21
Navigation 22
Using OS maps 24
Contours 25
Using a Silva compass ...26
Resection 27
Natural indicators
of direction 28
SPRING
Animal kingdoms 32
Tracks - common small
mammals and ... | [
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-0.11232031881809235,
-0.02821050025522709,
0.050652... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 2} |
ad66bfd5-f9f8-42c1-9913-ac5eabe2aaae | SUMMER
Animal kingdoms 82
Droppings 84
Shelter 86
Water 88
Fire 90
Hygiene 92
The sweat lodge 94
Senses 96
Seeing more 98
Choosing your
binoculars 99
Setting up 100
Finding wild animals ... 102
Basketry 104
Coiling 106
Plaiting and twining .... 108
Basketry projects 110
Pottery 112
Making a pot 114
... | [
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-0.06528332084417343,
-0.0... | {"page": 2, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
64675b75-e28c-4b0b-a590-1efce049c43a | Animal kingdoms 144
Feeding signs 146
Shelter 148
Beds and bedding 150
Making a simple bed ... 151
Duvet 152
Fire 154
Nettle cordage 156
The pursuit of food .... 158
Primitive hunting 160
Skinning a small
mammal 162
Wasting nothing 164
Preparing skins 166
End-of-season-treats ... 168
Life out of death 17... | [
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-0.011360036209225655,
0.0608802... | {"page": 3, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
fb573a7f-c9a8-40cd-8b9c-9fe8a29d26d3 | Winter plants 218
Seashore foods 220
Shoreline edibles 222
Seaweed 224
Trapping 226
Storytelling 228
Appendices
1 Useful addresses 230
2 Sharpening a knife ...232
3 Coppicing 234
Index 236 | [
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0.04144841805100441,
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-0.05... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 3} |
7c3c8f32-9379-4605-aaae-aa6213e309ff | THE COMPLCTE OUTDOOR
Making a simple
shelter
There are many different types of shelter, but
for speed and efficiency few can equal these
simple bivouacs. In a good location they can
be built without a knife or any cordage from
dead materials lying around. They are small
and well insulated to help retain your bo... | [
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0.0360378... | {"page": 4, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
f647dc12-b6fa-46e5-821b-35b726dc4ce4 | build the two-person kennel in half that time
- as apart from an extra ridge-pole, the shelter
contains the same amount of roofing material.
Two-person kennel
Dead leaves, humus
or turfs for thatching,
plus light brushwood | [
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0.... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 4} |
0ce56fa9-9e1e-44bd-b52c-6ba92b62b73b | SHELTER
One-person
kennel 1 Construct a strong
tripod framework.
Forked supports for the
two short legs will save a
need for cordage.
2Measure up the height
and width of the
shelter with your body. It
should provide just enough
room to turn over with all
of your bedding.
Two-person kennel
1 Construct a tr... | [
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3910351d-7c57-41ed-a3ce-9b13e15cfd15 | THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR HAND
Fire
Woodsmoke! The very scent of it transports me down a trail of
memories, to campsites alive with the fire's flickering shadows, and to
friends sharing its warmth. When spirits are high, a fire's flames
provide joyful light; and when spirits are low, the consoling warmth
of the embers... | [
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0.079735875... | {"page": 6, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
ea965a53-a0d9-4ae2-8115-2922d6a37524 | Morale and fire-lighting are so closely linked that I advise
people not to try to light a fire in bad weather unless they are
certain they will succeed. It is one of those skills which you
just have to practise and practise until, night or day,
sun or snow, you can without any hesitation produce
fire. In your outd... | [
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87dbb9d3-41a8-475c-ad11-69dbcfdad96b | kindling and fuel available. This should preferably be
dead wood snagged in the branches above ground. Dead wood found
on the ground will burn but contains more moisture, making it more
difficult to start the fire. In wet or windy weather make sure you have
plenty of small fine kindling; this burns more readily and... | [
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cbcf91dd-0f5e-4c7a-b4cd-e393524eca8a | Remember also that fire prefers to burn upwards. Flat fires
smoulder; tall fires blaze. When lighting your fire, build upwards for
a blaze.
But just lighting the fire is only the start. Your fire is a versatile tool
which you can adapt and change to suit a wide variety of situations.
Correctly managed, it will alw... | [
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9954c081-27ae-4d56-b5b0-364f83b40698 | will probably learn more quickly. Whether
for light, warmth, cooking or company,
there is a specifically related fire lay.
If you visit any national park or wilderness Strike-a-light: 200
area, you will often come across an old fire site years ago t ts was
' J the principal way
scorched into the turf beside a st... | [
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46467835-5d0a-484e-861d-b7b2c71f65f7 | too, of the danger of forest fires; camp-fires should be sited in an area
of cleared underbrush at least 4 m (12 ft) across.
While surrounding a fire with stones fits the romantic image of
camping, in reality it achieves little more than the scorching of the
rocks, which remain a testament to your presence for many... | [
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acfda98c-93d0-4929-8df7-8e0c6f7132f4 | THE COMPLETE OUTDOO HANDBOOK
How a fire burns
There are three vital ingredients to fire: fuel, oxygen and heat. For
efficient burning there must be an unrestricted supply of each. The
average wood fire consists of a fairly random lattice of fuel. This lattice
must be open enough to allow oxygen in the form of air ... | [
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972543aa-042a-43ef-80c4-ed9c5abb5609 | cm (1 ft) long and
matchstick-thin.
Should catch light
from a match
alone. Keep these
twigs at least two
hand-spans long.
Fine kindling
Thicker than a
match but thinner
than a pencil.
Brittle dry. Gather
plenty.
Kindling
Brittle-dry wood of
pencil thickness.
This really gets the
fire cracking.
Again, ... | [
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923d492f-fc45-4a61-8b39-56c8951b25be | 1 Choose a suitable fire site and gather
all the necessary fuel. Use small fuel
to build a platform about 30 cm (1 ft)
square. This will protect your tinder from
the damp ground and burn quickly at the
fire's heart.
3Take two full handfuls of extra-fine
kindling and position them against
the tinder with their t... | [
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bb65d8b1-aee5-4b77-8de8-5d30a3386189 | yourself. An answer is to make a birch
bark spill. Birch bark burns well because
of the oils it contains, but it tends to curl
up tight as it does so. To make a spill you
will need to fold a small square sheet of
the bark concertina fashion to prevent it
curling up. Light this from your lighter.
1 45 | [
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974adc10-4f32-426e-aa8e-46387e0825b9 | THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR HANDBOOK
Tinders
Tinders are in many ways the most important
part of any fire, for they create the initial flame
and enable it to grow. A large-sized tinder
bundle, soccer-ball size, will start even damp
kindling burning. A wide knowledge of what
can be used for tinder and how to use it is a... | [
0.01126653328537941,
0.050912655889987946,
0.05876665934920311,
0.0027478549163788557,
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-0.018110224977135658,
-0.024227680638432503,
-0.05592785403132439,
0.05... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 10} |
326eb337-c318-467e-8056-71a75a996dbf | from stems. Good for
friction fire-lighting.
%
Common in hazel copses.
Naturally shedding silky
bark can be collected and
buffed into tinder for
friction fire-lighting.
Birch and cherry bark
Burns long and hot. Bark
peels naturally in small
strips - gather and light
with a match for a long-
lasting hot cent... | [
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0.0762019231915474,
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-0.017668932676315308,
-0.0679578110575676,
0.068... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 10} |
8cea50cf-17f9-4920-a0f1-e50cb3b1ba04 | Rosebay willow herb
Seed-heads, collected into a
tight cotton-wool-like
mass, make good tinder for
flint and steel. Improved
by a slight charring.
Char cloth
A 100% cotton or silk
cloth, set alight and then
stamped out when charred
very dark brown, was once
commonly used and takes
a spark readily.
Cotton g... | [
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0.0736970379948616,
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0.015413961373269558,
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0.09744057804346085,
-0.027724415063858032,
-0.005924398545175791,
-0.04187940061092377,
0.0552615... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 11} |
160fc056-87f2-4248-a792-3f4efe22fa07 | such trousers, body warmth
will drv out the tinder.
Buffing
The best tinder for friction
fire-lighting is very fine
and fluffv. Many fibrous
tinders need to be
improved in this respect.
This can be achieved by
vigorous rubbing between
your hands or against a
dry rock surface.
Nicheing
Using the point of yo... | [
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0.08746916800737381,
0.015279576182365417,
-0.0473695807158947,
-0.015988415107131004,
0.0581820... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 11} |
60ef1ee9-73de-44eb-8919-b4b99ba74419 | THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR HANDBOOK
Fire from sparks
In the history of fire-lighting, self-igniting friction matches are only a
recent invention. Until their introduction in the late seventeenth
century, the most commonly employed fire-lighting method used in
Europe was the flint and steel. In civilised circumstances th... | [
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0.06943720579147339,
-0.004404615610837936,
0.022275494411587715,
-0.022797787562012672,
0.03998... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 12} |
18f1e6aa-e3ab-4de6-b2e6-e11054c59381 | however, sulphur matches were hard to come by. Instead, the glowing
tinder was placed in some more fibrous tinder and blown to flame.
The use of sparks to light fires is today still a valid technique. Sparks
can be produced from lighters which have run out of fuel, from
synthetic flint and steels and from the ancie... | [
-0.06591995805501938,
0.0646480992436409,
0.06747227907180786,
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0.04337681829929352,
0.027966661378741264,
0.04632469639182091,
-0.011668546125292778,
0.04445... | {"page": 12, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
17498915-a250-4ae0-a832-e63f398d7ad6 | hack of a carbon-steel knife. If you have access to iron pyrites, two
nieces struck together, or one piece struck with flint, gives dull red
sparks.
The best spark-producer of all these is the modern synthetic flint
bar, which frequently comes attached to a block of magnesium. Scrape
this bar with the back of your... | [
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0.004304387606680393,
0.0516437292098999,
0.02929873764514923,
-0.01421926449984312,
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0.009600038640201092,
-0.0009028358617797494,
0.014512136578559875,
-0.0077552273869514465,
0.0... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 13} |
6433db52-ac79-4e30-9931-19a9637a8771 | is the skeleton from a decomposing holly leaf. Sandwich the magne
sium between two such leaves and set it alight by showering the sparks
to fall through the leaf ribs. The leaves act as both tinder and a basket
to prevent the magnesium blowing away.
Steel strike-a-light
The most practically shaped steel was C-
sha... | [
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0.05356784164905548,
0.06411183625459671,
0.07349584251642227,
0.00910087302327156,
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0.0971590206027031,
0.05144772306084633,
-0.01248786598443985,
0.04984382912516594,
0.07426565885543823,
0.00021269594435580075,
0.014022930525243282,
-0.0263920... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 13} |
fb2c46ca-b573-4b77-b81e-b367c4bef3ff | P I E T E OUTDOOR HANDBOOK
Fire by friction
The truly primitive way to light fires is by friction. This undervalued
method is useful, because you are nearly always able to find the
necessary materials. Once the equipment has been made it takes only
a few seconds to produce fire. Friction fire-lighting does, howeve... | [
0.06503808498382568,
0.03199990466237068,
0.019359853118658066,
0.03645715117454529,
-0.06752757728099823,
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0.08253015577793121,
-0.0728009045124054,
-0.011836223304271698,
-0.05280867964029312,
0.06894... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 14} |
d1ab8c9e-beac-436a-a8c6-199629707f37 | Hearth: 30 cm (1 ft) long, 40 mm
(l'/2 in) wide, 20 mm (*A in)
thick, flat on three sides
Top piece or bearing
block: held in the hand to
impart downward pressure.
Carve from hard or green
wood to minimise friction.
The bow imparts the
rotary spin to the drill:
should be light,
strong, rigid, not
too bent. ... | [
0.02820756286382675,
0.1140415146946907,
-0.014026867225766182,
0.021497152745723724,
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0.06443681567907333,
0.0066924565471708775,
0.03781866654753685,
-0.0935596153140068,
-0.08523579686880112,
-0.06282370537519455,
0.02966... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 14} |
d2668acc-799c-41e7-9c0f-5369a6309223 | Operation
Knee positioned so as not to
impede the free suing of
your drilling arm
Bearing hand held firmly
braced against the left shin,
to prevent wobble
Drill twisted on outside of
string held vertically; foot
clamping the hearth to the
ground
1 Drill smoothly, maintaining even pressure until
smoke rises ... | [
0.013384937308728695,
0.061808373779058456,
0.03089473582804203,
0.00963282398879528,
-0.0942688062787056,
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-0.0014354466693475842,
-0.016816575080156326,
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0.04698923975229263,
-0.04746484383940697,
-0.02670258656144142,
-0.05429844185709953,
0.00... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 15} |
99478520-4021-409f-9f66-02b6f55dda32 | formed to a waiting
tinder bundle of the finely
teased fibres. With your
breath, blow the bundle to
life, watching carefully to
judge how hard to blow.
People are more often too
gentle than too harsh.
a«£-
Suitable woods
Using the correct wood for
the drill and hearth is
vitally important. This
wood must be... | [
0.04905864968895912,
-0.1257457733154297,
0.07479362934827805,
-0.0017142044380307198,
0.06881139427423477,
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0.03626418858766556,
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0.14559854567050934,
0.0735795646905899,
-0.010345418006181717,
-0.13167963922023773,
0.063153... | {"page": 15, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
e4f1afcd-3842-4559-b6ff-e8d6cb793d88 | COMPLETE O U T D O O H A N D B O
Organising your fire
Experience in using fires shows itself most
obviously in the way a fire is managed. If your
fire goes cold midway through cooking or
persistently smoulders, you are not managing
it correctly. Looked after properly, a fire is the
most versatile provider of lig... | [
0.024300726130604744,
-0.0371975377202034,
-0.00590787036344409,
0.044753775000572205,
0.019797392189502716,
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0.03434722498059273,
0.03794871270656586,
-0.005589782726019621,
-0.032080866396427155,
0.0000750677427276969,
0... | {"page": 16, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
8a3d7587-c3d6-4d93-9796-6eb1863bbc04 | stable 'council' fire - a
social camp-fire where
ideas are passed around
and celebrations take place.
Indian's fire - for the trail
In between meals we need to keep our fire burning
efficiently, with a minimum of fuel gathering. On the
trail this is best achieved with the Indian's fire. Fuelwood
is gradually fe... | [
0.00784213189035654,
0.0190515648573637,
-0.00955862458795309,
0.08775138854980469,
0.04785560071468353,
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0.06315187364816666,
-0.021543340757489204,
-0.02266710437834263,
-0.03802139312028885,
0.0436740... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 16} |
09084569-4690-405d-a138-c83a23bc7626 | whole length, giving light
and, after an initial burst,
very little smoke, which
rises straight upwards. The
shape acts like a chimney,
drawing in good quantities
of air from its base and so
enabling a fast burn to
produce a deep bed of
embers. The tepee does,
however, lack stability;
hence its most common
... | [
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-0.00020824999955948442,
0.006765391677618027,
-0.009248338639736176,
0.05346325784921646,
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0.04844031110405922,
0.0379425585269928,
0.0026243182364851236,
-0.03822765499353409,
-0.... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 16} |
ee847024-59f5-4f60-93ff-f759358aa9c4 | Star fire - permanent camp
The natural extension of the Indian's fire is the star fire.
The difference between the two is the size of fuel. This
fire is built with logs at least as thick as your thigh and
often up to 7 m (20 ft) or more in length. The classic star
fire is the ceremonial fire of the Cherokee; centr... | [
0.011539625003933907,
0.08339422941207886,
0.028506234288215637,
0.07013993710279465,
0.04722454026341438,
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0.09630968421697617,
-0.06248212978243828,
0.02076062746345997,
0.02104252390563488,
0.038934167... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 17} |
368d7057-e22c-44dd-bfb2-a2ef570c3392 | I1 must be done thoroughly. The first step
ls to spread the embers to allow them to
cool. If you have already allowed the fire
to die down, this is relatively easy. Now
extinguish the fire by pouring water on it.
Jo ensure that no underground roots are
le tt smouldering unnoticed, allow the
w ater to soak well ... | [
0.03066587634384632,
0.040081899613142014,
0.025716280564665794,
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0.08571738749742508,
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-0.052753154188394547,
0.027590716257691383,
0.0... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 17} |
4d6db097-2fa2-4389-8940-13fd15fd87a4 | COMPLETE OUTDOOR
Cordage
Cordage is a perennial need in the outdoors and a resource that takes
time to produce. This is so much the case that the experienced become
expert at avoiding the use of string or rope wherever possible. But
sooner or later the inevitable has to be faced and cordage needs to be
made. Once... | [
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-0.04396197199821472,
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0.028305795043706894,
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0.05612478777766228,
0.04545823857188225,
-0.08933130651712418,
0.1162... | {"page": 18, "source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf"} |
9fdc8f4a-4102-4703-b2d1-d6436b25f05c | To list all of the available bark fibres would fill
volumes, so we shall investigate here two of the
best. Lime bark is best used dry but can be
v used wet. Willow bark is mostly used
J^V-^ wet but can be used dry. In each case it
is the inner bark, sometimes called the
bast, that we use.
With all cordage materi... | [
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0.029275598004460335,
0.018220815807580948,
0.0087217902764678,
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0.0006262871320359409,
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0.06694529205560684,
0.050621964037418365,
0.031414180994033813,
-0.06014382094144821,
0.05... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 18} |
69cc2ada-5e64-486c-bed5-1d3749ac9971 | of the cordage will be tighter due to the reduced shrinkage. With
careful manufacture and weaving, you can produce long, even, strong
lines ranging in size from fishing line to bridge-building hawsers.
Gathered and
dried, bark can be
coiled and stored
ready for use
*•£- | [
-0.08637075871229172,
0.028460150584578514,
-0.06812753528356552,
0.03177070617675781,
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0.03323597460985184,
0.04348507896065712,
0.09155987948179245,
-0.04766494780778885,
0.030765... | {"source": "Outdoor Survival Handbook - Mears.pdf", "page": 18} |
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