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eadership conduct, our dependent variable [ 31 ]. Individuals who perceive themselves as having control over their ethical behaviors are more inclined to exhibit ethical leadership behavior [ 32 ]. In contrast, a lack of perceived control may have a negative impact on ethical leadership behaviors. Behavioral intentions... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.42 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 434 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.298949 | [
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dealing with unavailable population information. This research collected data from the healthcare sector in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, which includes multiple hospitals. A comprehensive survey was conducted, wherein a sample of 11 distinct hospitals in Harbin were contacted. A total of 350 questionnaires were distr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.828 | ["philosophy"] | 455 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.299302 | [
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EM), it is recommended that the sample size be at least ten times higher than the number of arrows directed toward a construct. PLS-SEM is deemed highly appropriate for the current study. 4. Data Analysis and Results 4.1. Reliability and Validity Analysis The measurement model was assessed to determine the reliability ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 421 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.299463 | [
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Li Zhang Li Zhang 1 Department of Business Administration, School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China Validation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, Supervision Find articles by Li Zhang 1, * Editors: Gianluca Serafini 1 , Jiaming Fang 1 Author information Article notes Copyright... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.838 | ["management", "education", "philosophy", "strategy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.299597 | [
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Behav Sci (Basel) . 2023 Nov 14;13(11):928. doi: 10.3390/bs13110928 Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective Qaiser Mohi Ud Din Qaiser Mohi Ud Din 1 Department of Business Administration, School of Management, Harbin Institute of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "ethics", "management", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.299790 | [
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* Correspondence: qaiser.mohi-ud-din@outlook.com or qaiser@hit.edu.cn (Q.M.U.D.); zhanglihit@hit.edu.cn (L.Z.) Roles Qaiser Mohi Ud Din : Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft Li Zhang : Validation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, Supervision Gianluca Serafini : Academic Editor J... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.684 | ["strategy", "war_conflict"] | 495 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.299929 | [
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y the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC10669232 PMID: 37998675 Abstract Leadership integrity is crucial in shaping... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.519 | 0.682 | ["leadership", "ethics", "innovation", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.300092 | [
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n leader integrity, moral identification, self-regulation, and ethical leadership behavior, providing practical insights for healthcare leaders seeking to enhance ethical practices. It addresses a critical gap in the research landscape by focusing on individual-level ethical leadership within the healthcare sector, whe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "ethics", "communication", "education"] | 481 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.300280 | [
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leader integrity and ethical leadership behavior. We surveyed 181 health sector workers and employed SmartPLS to assess the conceptualized relationships. The analyses reveal a significant indirect influence of leader integrity on ethical leadership behavior, whereas moral identification mediates the relationship. Our f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 477 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.300401 | [
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l identification and ethical leadership behavior. This divergence from previous research underscores the significance of contextual and methodological factors in studying leadership integrity and ethical behavior. Our study contributes to the literature on the relationship through planned behavior theory by demonstrati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 481 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.300543 | [
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in the context of the theory of planned behavior. Our findings underscore the significance of fostering leader integrity within organizations to indirectly promote ethical leadership behaviors through moral identification. Organizations should prioritize initiatives that cultivate moral identification among their membe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.822 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 498 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.300666 | [
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ealth sector, theory of planned behavior (TPB) 1. Introduction Leadership integrity influences ethical leadership behavior [ 1 ]. Regarding leadership, integrity is a commitment to acting morally and ethically and a consistent set of behaviors, beliefs, and values [ 2 ]. Ethical leadership behavior describes the behavi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "ethics", "decision_making"] | 416 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.300794 | [
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l beliefs, principles, and decision making [ 3 ]. Ethical leadership behavior pertains to the rigorous practice of making informed decisions and undertaking acts consistent with established moral principles and standards [ 4 ]. The study of leadership integrity and its influence on ethical leadership behavior holds sig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.636 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "ethics", "decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.300921 | [
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d its effects on diverse organizational outcomes [ 5 ]. The existing studies on leaders’ integrity and ethical leadership behavior have primarily concentrated on business organizations and political scenarios. In contrast, a limited amount of studies are available in the health sector [ 5 ]. Leader integrity and ethica... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 495 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.301044 | [
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ive integrity for employees and the organization. The health sector faces significant challenges in ensuring integrity and ethical behavior, particularly for leaders who must make difficult organizational decisions [ 6 ]. This study also holds significance in the healthcare sector due to its potential to enhance patien... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.46 | 0.846 | ["ethics", "leadership", "crisis", "decision_making", "career"] | 498 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.301194 | [
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ad to improved patient outcomes and safety [ 7 ]. Understanding these dynamics is critical for healthcare organizations striving to provide the highest standard of care [ 8 ]. Ethical leadership behavior requires maintaining a healthy work environment and fostering employee well-being [ 9 ]. Several scholarly studies h... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 436 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.301324 | [
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lead in line with ethical principles [ 10 , 11 ]. A strong relationship exists between a leader’s integrity and their manifestation of ethical leadership behavior. Mayer et al. [ 12 ] conducted a study in 2009 using social cognitive theory while assessing a leader’s integrity and ethical leadership. According to numero... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 457 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.301456 | [
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rity and ethical leadership behavior [ 13 , 14 ]. Research by Hsieh and Wang [ 15 ] shows that moral identification is the mediator in determining the relationship between leaders’ tendency to demonstrate ethical leadership behavior and their level of integrity. Moral identification is recognizing a person as someone w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.858 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.301627 | [
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l in enhancing the connection between moral identification and ethical leadership behavior [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Self-regulation is the deliberate and conscious practice of controlling and modifying one’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, typically employed to modify reactions and behaviors [ 20 ]. Self-regulation is a mo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.604 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 449 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.301758 | [
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inclined to display ethical leadership behavior. Despite the significant progress and increasing interest in the integrity of leaders and their ethical behavior, it is evident that these ideas remain insufficiently developed and require additional investigation [ 1 ]. Furthermore, this idea has been extensively investi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "ethics", "management", "education"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.301903 | [
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ed study has been conducted in the domain of the health sector [ 5 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The theoretical framework used for this research is the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a psychological theory created by Ajzen [ 25 ] to forecast and modify human behavior. The TPB is a psychological framework that predicts and infl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.85 | ["education"] | 424 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.302032 | [
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ehavioral, normative, and control beliefs [ 26 ]. Using the TPB allows companies and leaders to obtain significant insights into how to foster and advance ethical leadership behaviors. Further, this research will study and investigate the relationship between individual behavior and ethical leadership behavior. This re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education", "networking"] | 453 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.302166 | [
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self-regulation, and ethical leadership behavior. The findings of this study have practical implications for leaders in the health sector who are interested in improving ethical practices within their specific environments. This research provides valuable support to ethical leadership conduct within the health sector. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 492 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.302294 | [
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udy specifically focuses on the individual level. This approach is essential for multiple reasons: Firstly, by prioritizing the micro-level perspective, we can better comprehend the specific causes and dynamics that impact an individual’s behavior and decision making. Secondly, it allows us to uncover nuances and varia... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.846 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.302424 | [
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levance in our specific context related to the health sector. This study design not only enhances the current knowledge but also provides practical insights for practitioners and policymakers aiming to tackle individual-level difficulties. Conducting research at the individual level is crucial because conflicts at the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "education", "management", "crisis"] | 415 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.302574 | [
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ior differently than conflicts at the team level. This study could provide valuable insights into the influence of organizational structures and cultural norms on the dynamics of relationships. Additionally, exploring these differences may help identify best practices for fostering effective relationships in different ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education", "management"] | 492 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.302703 | [
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n the development of ethical leadership behavior. The rest of this study is divided into sections. Section 2 includes a review of the literature and the development of a theory and hypothesis. In Section 3 , this article discusses the research methodology. This article describes the process and results of analyzing dat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "education", "ethics"] | 481 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.302865 | [
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sses the practical implications of this research. Discussion of future research and this study’s limitations is covered in Section 7 of this article 2. Theory and Hypothesis Development 2.1. Theory of Planned Behavior The theory of planned behavior (TPB) provides a framework for understanding the dynamics between leade... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 411 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303004 | [
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gulation, and ethical leadership behavior [ 26 ]. According to the TPB, people’s intentions and behaviors are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control over their behavior [ 27 ]. Within our research model, leader integrity is the independent variable that influences individuals’ moral identifica... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.846 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303133 | [
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ates an individual’s alignment with the moral standards shared by the leader or organization [ 28 ]. This alignment is shaped, in part, by the perceived social pressure and expectations regarding moral values, as represented by the “Subjective Norms” component of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) [ 28 ]. The theory ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.84 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 438 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303276 | [
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ping an individual’s moral identification [ 29 ]. These subjective norms are influenced by social influence, cultural norms, and personal beliefs, all of which contribute to forming an individual’s moral compass. Additionally, research [ 30 ] has shown that when leaders demonstrate high levels of integrity it positivel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.62 | 0.826 | ["ethics", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 437 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303412 | [
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creased ethical behavior within the organization. Furthermore, self-regulation serves as a crucial moderator in this framework. It demonstrates an individual’s ability to regulate actions, explicitly upholding moral beliefs [ 20 ]. The concept of control, referred to as perceived behavioral control in the theory of pla... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.828 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking"] | 458 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303546 | [
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sociated with ethical leadership behavior [ 31 ]. They reflect individuals’ goals to demonstrate ethical leadership activities. Strong behavioral intentions indicate a higher probability of engaging in ethical leadership conduct, as intentions substantially impact actions. However, it is essential to note that behavior... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.445 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303682 | [
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mpact an individual’s ability to act in accordance with their intentions. Therefore, fostering a supportive organizational culture and providing resources for ethical decision making can further enhance the likelihood of ethical leadership behavior. Using the TPB framework to understand the factors influencing ethical ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "ethics", "decision_making", "networking"] | 475 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303817 | [
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tity, self-regulation, and behavioral intentions. The impact of a leader’s integrity on an individual’s moral identification is influenced by social norms and is moderated by self-regulation. This ultimately affects the individual’s intention and actual display of ethical leadership behavior, providing a comprehensive ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.632 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.303962 | [
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rity is a crucial component of leadership that has not been widely explored with voice. This refers to its influence on leadership behavior and how that impact can be seen [ 1 ]. Moorman et al. [ 33 ] argue against the concept that leader integrity and ethical leadership behavior must be considered the same. Leader int... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.304117 | [
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ors that align with ethical principles and values [ 34 ]. Leader integrity is a fundamental characteristic of ethical leader behavior. It refers to consistently aligning actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes [ 1 ]. This entails a strong dedication to doing what is morally right, reg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 435 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.304258 | [
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hing trust and credibility among followers [ 2 ]. It sets the foundation for ethical behavior and is a role model for others to emulate. When leaders consistently demonstrate integrity, it creates a positive organizational culture that promotes ethical decision making and fosters a sense of fairness and justice [ 5 ]. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.858 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "crisis", "social_justice"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.304397 | [
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ating integrity into ethical leadership behavior. In contrast, individuals with less consistency in behavior in their leadership practices may have a weaker indirect effect. Hypothesis 1. Leader integrity has a significant direct impact on ethical leadership. 2.3. Moral Identification Moral identification can be descri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.445 | 0.68 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 434 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.304533 | [
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arch of leader integrity has faced challenges due to a lack of clarity in its theoretical foundation [ 21 ]. The study of leader integrity within the health sector holds significance due to its role in building trust, facilitating ethical decision making, cultivating a strong organizational culture, and strengthening t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.862 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "crisis", "education"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.304678 | [
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ecting moral principles, values, and integrity in making decisions and engaging in relationships. Ethical leaders aim to establish an organizational climate characterized by trust, respect, and ethical accountability, thereby fostering ethical behavior among employees. The organizational culture involves long-term valu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.82 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "networking"] | 456 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.304837 | [
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and the leader’s behavior and perceptions [ 38 ]. Both concepts are crucial in establishing the work environment and impacting a leader’s behavior and well-being. According to Zappla and Toscano [ 39 ] ethical leadership behavior can be a dynamic development in which leaders adeptly integrate ethical beliefs, virtues, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 484 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305013 | [
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motivating others to keep to ethical principles. The organization seeks to establish a setting that emphasizes transparency, accountability, and integrity, thereby contributing to the organization’s ethical culture as a whole. Multiple research studies consistently show that the existence of leader integrity has a posi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.65 | 0.858 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305169 | [
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heir followers, and encourage them to follow ethical standards and be involved. Nevertheless, the specific process through which a leader’s integrity contributes to developing ethical leadership behavior remains unclear. One potential mediator that might clarify this relationship is moral identification, which refers t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.848 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305300 | [
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arities in how different persons respond to the effect of leader integrity and moral identification on ethical leadership. Thus, it is hypothesized that the direct effect of leader integrity on ethical leadership will be more substantial for individuals with higher levels of consistency. Individuals with more consisten... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 417 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305431 | [
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fluenced by the importance of being moral [ 42 ]. But, if individuals view moral qualities such as honesty, compassion, fairness, and generosity as crucial in shaping their identification, they possess a robust moral identification. According to theory, people with strong moral identities act more morally [ 42 , 43 , 4... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.868 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305586 | [
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assess themselves and others based on ethical beliefs [ 45 ]. Both moral identities and leader integrity play crucial roles in shaping individuals’ behaviors and decision-making processes [ 46 ]. While moral identification focuses on personal values and beliefs, leader integrity emphasizes the importance of leaders ser... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.854 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "motivation"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305725 | [
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trust, promote ethical behavior, and foster a positive organizational culture [ 48 ]. Investigating moral identification within the health sector contributes to healthcare workers’ ability to adhere to ethical principles. This study contributes to avoiding moral distress, cultivating trust, and promoting the well-being... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.848 | ["ethics", "leadership", "career", "education"] | 508 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305860 | [
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the level of integrity shown by a leader [ 50 ]. Moral identification describes a person’s engagement with a particular set of moral principles and ideals that direct their ethical behavior [ 44 , 51 ]. The main focus lies in examining the significance of leaders and their integrity in potentially shaping the moral ide... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.86 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.305989 | [
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ed by ethical conduct, honesty, and transparent decision making, are more inclined to cultivate a heightened sense of moral affiliation among their subordinates. As a result, these employees are likely to make moral decisions aligned with the organization’s ethical standards, exhibit ethical behavior, and feel a greate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.828 | ["ethics", "decision_making", "leadership"] | 469 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.306138 | [
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grity positively influences moral identification. Moral identification refers to an individual’s alignment with ethical values and principles, which can influence their decision making and actions within the organization [ 52 ]. In contrast, ethical leadership behavior involves actively exemplifying these values by set... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.816 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 422 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.306275 | [
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ing others accountable for their behavior [ 53 ]. By combining moral identification and ethical leadership behavior, leaders can create a culture that encourages ethical conduct at all levels of the organization [ 54 ]. Additionally, the key focus of this research is to examine the potential mediating effect of moral i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.626 | 0.858 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.306405 | [
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tify morally can affect how leader integrity is perceived with ethical leadership. The correlation between leader integrity and ethical leadership is expected to be influenced by the moral identification of followers [ 55 ]. When individuals possess a greater degree of moral identification, the effect of leadership beh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 440 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.306538 | [
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omes significantly greater [ 56 ]. Hypothesis 2a. Moral identification mediates the relationship between leader integrity and ethical leadership. 2.4. Self-Regulation According to the social cognitive perspective, self-regulation is an ongoing relationship between three key factors: personal, environmental processes, a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.684 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.306668 | [
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s, and actions, has been recognized as a fundamental characteristic of ethical leadership behavior [ 20 , 58 ]. Ethical leadership behavior pertains to the actions and behaviors exhibited by leaders to foster ethical behavior within their teams or organizations [ 59 ]. Self-regulation affects an individual’s behavior, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "ethics", "management"] | 439 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.306849 | [
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ehavior of others inside the organization [ 60 ]. Self-regulation and ethical leadership conduct are crucial for cultivating an ethical culture [ 61 ]. Self-regulation emphasizes individual accountability, while ethical leadership behavior highlights the role of leaders in establishing an ethical environment [ 62 ]. Ac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics", "decision_making"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.306982 | [
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, make ethical decisions, and consistently exhibit ethical behaviors over an extended period. Achieving organizational success and facilitating behavioral change holds significant importance across diverse contexts. Examining self-regulation within the health sector is essential in facilitating staff well-being, mitiga... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.83 | ["ethics", "decision_making"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.307109 | [
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t promotes well-being and enhances productivity, resulting in favorable outcomes for both individuals and businesses [ 63 ]. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the positive correlation between moral identification and ethical leadership will be more prominent among individuals with high self-regulation abilities. Conve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.307231 | [
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thical leadership as they may struggle with consistently translating their moral values into leadership actions. Hypothesis 3. Self-regulation moderates the relationship between moral identification and ethical leadership, such that the positive relationship is stronger for individuals with higher levels of self-regula... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.619 | 0.684 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 468 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.307368 | [
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a new tab Conceptual framework of this study. 3. Research Methodology The sampling frame for our study was defined to encompass the healthcare sector in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China. We selected Harbin due to its significance as a central regional healthcare hub, representing a diverse range of hospitals and he... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.347 | 0.852 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 503 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.307511 | [
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ity was explicitly selected for multiple reasons. Firstly, it is one of the most influential cities in Heilongjiang Province with an established healthcare infrastructure. Secondly, the city boasts a range of private healthcare institutions, which offers us a wealth of data to analyze. Lastly, Harbin’s healthcare secto... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.828 | ["crisis", "economy", "philosophy"] | 432 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.307645 | [
0.06759487092494965,
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em, making it an ideal location for our research. Our study focused on healthcare professionals working in hospitals in Harbin; this included doctors, nurses, administrative staff, and other healthcare team members. By concentrating on this group of professionals, we aimed to gain insights into their perspectives and e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.49 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "ethics", "career", "management", "education"] | 467 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.307783 | [
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rship and integrity dynamics within this context. We utilized data from an unknown population in our research due to the absence of precise population size data for the healthcare sector in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. This approach aligns with established survey research principles, as Groves et al. [ 64 ] acknowled... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.353 | 0.83 | ["ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 451 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.307924 | [
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returned questionnaires, 180 were deemed useable. The data were gathered over the period spanning from May 2023 to August 2023. The gender distribution revealed that 73.3% of the participants were female and 26.7% were male. Regarding age, the participants predominantly fell within the 25–40 category. Regarding educati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.302 | 0.694 | ["education", "resume"] | 506 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.308049 | [
0.08065953850746155,
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17% specified another educational qualification. Lastly, participants’ work experience was categorized into different categories, with the highest percentage falling within the 6–10 years range. This brief presentation offers a snapshot of the demographic composition of this study’s participants within the research met... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.618 | 0.836 | ["education", "leadership", "communication", "ethics", "resume"] | 508 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.308181 | [
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grity scale comprised a total of five components. We adapted the leader integrity scale devised by Moorman et al. [ 33 ] to assess leader integrity. The items are adapted from two dimensions of the leader integrity scale, behavioral integrity and moral behavior, with 14 items outlined by Moorman and colleagues [ 33 ]. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 471 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.308312 | [
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avior, and consistency between words and actions. By adapting this scale, we aimed to capture the multidimensional nature of leader integrity and ensure its validity in our specific research context. The moral identification scale’s development was derived from the seminal research conducted by Reed and Aquino [ 65 ], ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.626 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.308457 | [
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ification, providing valuable insights into their ethical beliefs and behaviors. The moral identification scale comprised a total of six items. The measurement of self-regulation was performed utilizing a scale containing 5 items, which was adapted from the work of Neal and Carey [ 66 ], which has 63 items. We only ada... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.541 | 0.842 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 453 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.308615 | [
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more closely related to self-regulation behavior. The selected items were chosen based on their relevance to the specific context of our study and their demonstrated validity and reliability in previous research. The Ethical Leadership Behavior Scale was developed based on the research conducted by Kalshoven et al. [ 6... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.308760 | [
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ship behavior questionnaire developed by Kalshoven and colleagues [ 68 ], which contains 46 items from 7 sections. The questionnaire comprises the sections listed by Kalshoven et al. [ 68 ]: fairness, ethical guidance, role clarification, and people orientations. Each section consists of items that assess specific aspe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.308912 | [
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f individuals in various organizational settings. The order of the items in the questionnaire was randomized to avoid bias in further factor analyses. By reducing time and facilitating cross-validation of the results, a validated questionnaire can improve the survey’s validity and reliability. The decision to selective... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.846 | ["decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309042 | [
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cificity, and applicability to our study objectives. Given the limitations of respondent time and the potential for survey fatigue, a shorter questionnaire is more likely to yield higher response rates and more thoughtful responses [ 69 ]. These items were selected based on their relevance to our research focus and obj... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309172 | [
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age, to facilitate its administration to local participants. Consequently, the questionnaire was translated according to the established translation criteria [ 70 ]. A language communication specialist translated it into Chinese. This procedure aimed to identify and align the translated items with the original English ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.844 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 501 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309297 | [
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the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. We extensively validated these tools to ensure their reliability. We also conducted SEM investigations to explore and evaluate the proposed hypothesis. Path modeling, an employed technique in management research, helps predict cause–effect relationship models [ 72 ]. Ac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.84 | ["management", "networking"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309426 | [
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s that involve constructs, indicators, and structural links. Hair et al. [ 74 ] suggest that PLS-SEM is suitable for theory development and evaluation. This methodology enables the examination of constructions and exploration of connections within models of interest in the relationship between ethical leadership behavi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "communication", "salary"] | 462 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309569 | [
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atistical analysis method that provides benefits. It excels at handling sample sizes and effectively managing models and does not rely on strict assumptions about data distribution. According to Hair and colleagues [ 75 ], PLS-SEM is particularly effective in accommodating models without needing a sample size or making... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.856 | ["management", "salary"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309699 | [
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and graphical Figure 2 . According to Hair et al. [ 76 ], all the model items exhibit loadings higher than the least acceptable threshold of 0.50. Table 1. Validity and reliability analysis. Constructs Item Loadings α Rho_C AVE Leader integrity LI1 0.790 0.800 0.861 0.554 LI2 0.707 LI3 0.652 LI4 0.811 LI5 0.751 Moral i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.393 | 0.724 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309825 | [
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.753 SR3 0.711 SR4 0.799 SR5 0.754 Ethical leadership behavior ELB1 0.806 0.750 0.838 0.571 ELB2 0.846 ELB3 0.542 ELB4 0.790 Open in a new tab Note: Rho_C, composite reliability; AVE, average variance extracted; α, Cronbach’s Alpha. Figure 2. Open in a new tab Graphical output PLS-SEM. While it is generally preferred t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.376 | 0.72 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.309962 | [
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their investigations, removing indicators on composite reliability, content validity, and convergent validity instead of employing an automatic elimination approach. Following the guidelines recommended by Hair et al. [ 74 ], it is generally recommended to investigate removing items with outer loadings ranging from 0.4... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.331 | 0.834 | [] | 476 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310073 | [
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site reliability outside the suggested threshold. In the present investigation, excluding the item (ELB3, loading = 0.542) would not have substantially improved the AVE and composite reliability measures, as the construct’s values already exceeded the required level. Moreover, the assessment of the confidence interval ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.338 | 0.848 | ["education", "ethics"] | 495 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310211 | [
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were excluded from further analysis in the study. The examination of reliability was carried out using Cronbach’s alpha, rho_C, and composite reliability measures, all of which provided results exceeding the required threshold of 0.700 [ 78 ]. The obtained rho_c value fell within the range, Sarstedt et al. [ 79 ] repor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.516 | 0.706 | ["education"] | 489 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310333 | [
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iability, as indicated by Henseler et al. [ 80 ]. The AVE exceeding the threshold of 0.500 demonstrated the acceptability of convergent validity. The discriminant validity testing involved comparing correlations among the latent variables using the heterotrait–monotrait ratio of correlations Henseler and Colleagues [ 8... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.353 | 0.69 | ["ethics"] | 507 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310462 | [
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eterotrait—monotrait ratio discriminant validity. ELB LI MI SR Ethical leadership behavior Leader integrity 0.308 Moral identification 0.514 0.639 Self-regulations 0.542 0.482 0.548 Self-regulations × moral identification 0.056 0.220 0.318 0.359 Open in a new tab Variance inflation factors (VIFs) are a comprehensive an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.672 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 452 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310587 | [
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ve to examining simple correlation values [ 81 ]. The VIFs have a significant advantage in that they indicate which coefficients are affected by collinearity, as Michael and colleagues showed [ 82 ]. Typically, when the variance inflation factor (VIF) for a variable (βi) is less than 10, it suggests that there is no mu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.287 | 0.868 | ["ethics"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310707 | [
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tion factor (VIF) for βi should be less than 3.3. Table 3 illustrates that all the values shown are below the established threshold of 3.3. Common method variance (CMV) poses a significant risk to survey-based studies, mainly when relying on a single respondent [ 85 ]. To assess CMV, several studies in the field of str... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.87 | ["strategy", "management", "ethics"] | 488 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310835 | [
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the variables into a single-factor test in SPSS. We found that the first factor only explained 37% of the variation, which is less than the cutoff ratio of 50%. Hence, we confirmed that there is no problem with CMV in the dataset. In addition, we performed the complete collinearity variance inflation factors (VIFs) tes... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.355 | 0.868 | ["philosophy"] | 496 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.310957 | [
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g when employing factor-based PLS-SEM algorithms. Table 3 displays the whole VIF value for each construct. It is clear that these values are below 3.3, indicating that the proposed research model is free of CMV [ 90 ]. Table 3. Collinearity statistics (VIF). LI- > MI 1.000 MI- > ELB 1.311 SR- > ELB 1.333 SRx MI- > ELB ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.716 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 489 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.311086 | [
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-regulation; VIF, variance inflation factor. 4.2. Structural Model The hypotheses proposed in the study are reflected in the structural model. Following bootstrapping in structural analysis, Figure 3 displays the graphical representation of path coefficients and p -values. Figure 3. Open in a new tab Graphical output s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.312 | 0.704 | ["communication", "ethics", "education"] | 510 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.311218 | [
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s encompass specific direct and indirect effects. The model’s predictive power is assessed based on the significance of each structural path, as indicated by the R 2 value for the dependent variable [ 91 ]. According to Falk and Miller [ 92 ], the R 2 value should ideally equal or exceed 0.1. The findings presented in ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.852 | ["ethics"] | 433 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.311340 | [
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ability to make predictions has been established. Moreover, Q 2 serves to establish the predictive significance of the constructs. A positive value for Q 2 indicates that the model possesses predictive validity. The results suggest a statistically significant relationship in the prediction of the constructs, as shown i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.722 | ["networking"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.311479 | [
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0.547 0.069 7.963 0.000 0.269 0.295 Supported LI- > MI- > ELB 0.189 0.053 3.580 0.000 Supported SR × MI- > ELB 0.183 0.088 2.081 0.019 Supported Open in a new tab Note: β, Beta coefficient; SD, standard deviation; t, t-statistics; P, p -value; Q 2 , Q-square value, R 2 , R-square value; LI, leader integrity; ELB, ethic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.72 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.311604 | [
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eses were examined as part of a subsequent analysis to evaluate the validity of the model’s fit. This research aims to investigate the possible direct impact of leaders’ integrity on ethical leadership behavior. This study’s results suggest that leader integrity has a notable direct impact on ethical leadership behavio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 511 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.311736 | [
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0.04098562151193619,
-0.010... | ||
ls of integrity are likelier to engage in ethical leadership behaviors. This result aligns with previous research [ 2 ] that has emphasized the importance of leader integrity in promoting ethical conduct within organizations. According to this study, a leader’s integrity significantly affects moral identification (β = ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.694 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education"] | 448 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.311888 | [
-0.04958869516849518,
0.04040425643324852,
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-0.02956206351518631,
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0.01377368625253439,
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0.07605008780956268,
0.02353978343307972,
0.0... | ||
nsistent with the previous study by Ete, Z et al. [ 93 ], which found a positive relationship between a leader’s integrity and followers’ moral identity. These findings suggest that leaders with high levels of integrity are likelier to foster a strong sense of moral identity among their followers. According to this stu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "education", "leadership", "networking"] | 454 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312023 | [
-0.040838729590177536,
0.03621537238359451,
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0.0418708436191082,
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0.04786243662238121,
0.03008434921503067,
0.047440219670534134,
-0.0062... | ||
mary objective (β = 0.189, t = 3.580, p < 0.001). The study results indicate a correlation between moral identification and a leader’s ethical behavior. This discovery supports hypothesis H2a, which is inconsistent with the previous study by Gerpott and his colleagues [ 94 ], which found no significant relationship bet... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education", "networking"] | 497 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312161 | [
-0.05390019342303276,
0.06021299585700035,
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-0.016709167510271072,
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0.013120067305862904,
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0.03675547242164612,
0.027147380635142326,
0.011928008869290352,
0.053206127136945724,
-0.04105764627456665,
0.... | ||
ethical conduct, contradicting previous research. Additionally, the research findings suggest that self-regulation significantly moderates the relationship between moral identification and ethical leadership behavior (β = 0.183, t = 2.081, p = 0.019). Despite the p -value for the effect approaching 0.50, it still provi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.68 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking"] | 446 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312287 | [
0.008612488396465778,
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0.030107755213975906,
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0.04951578751206398,
0.04123862832784653,
0.04652980715036392,
-0.03867379575967789,
0.0494... | ||
es of hypothesis testing can be seen in Table 4 . The significant beta coefficient (β = 0.183) and t-value (t = 2.081) indicate a meaningful association between these variables, reinforcing the notion that self-regulation is a crucial factor in shaping ethical leadership behavior. 5. Discussion The findings of our anal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.629 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 494 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312414 | [
0.005363673437386751,
0.053406767547130585,
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0.059220146387815475,
0.02913675829768181,
0.057183973491191864,
-0.012253786437213421,
0.04205... | ||
r integrity and ethical leadership conduct [ 2 ]. Furthermore, they confirm the importance of leadership integrity in promoting ethical behavior within organizations. This research also adds to the existing literature by highlighting the role of leadership integrity in fostering a positive ethical climate and influenci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.84 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 503 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312542 | [
-0.04580232501029968,
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-0.020457539707422256,
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-0.020079797133803368,
-0.020300989970564842,
0.07779082655906677,
0.022056100890040398... | ||
omoting ethical conduct throughout the workplace. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that leader integrity significantly impacts moral identification, which aligns with the findings of a prior study conducted by Ete, Z et al. [ 93 ]. This study demonstrated a positive correlation between a leader’s integrity and the m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.639 | 0.846 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education"] | 480 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312664 | [
-0.056311339139938354,
0.06781864166259766,
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0.09072575718164444,
0.0014238273724913597,
... | ||
kely to develop a strong sense of moral identity. This strong sense of moral identity can lead to increased ethical behavior and decision making within the organization. Furthermore, this study also highlights the importance of leaders serving as role models for their followers, as their integrity can significantly imp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10669232/ | Unveiling the Mechanisms through Which Leader Integrity Shapes Ethical Leadership Behavior: Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Authentic Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T03:07:04.312809 | [
-0.07088521867990494,
0.027076950296759605,
-0.03514109551906586,
-0.050198957324028015,
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0.012125270441174507,
-0.00023152433277573436,
0.04487810656428337,
-0.0113708870485425,
... |
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