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Another possible effect would be an increase in harmful algal bloom events, which could contribute to the accumulation of toxins (domoic acid, brevetoxin, saxitoxin) in small organisms such as anchovies and shellfish, in turn increasing occurrences of amnesic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and para... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TMTTF as well as BEDT-TTF are based on the molecule TTF (tetrathiafulvalene). Using tetrathiapentalene (TTP) as basic molecules one receives a variety of new organic molecules serving as cations in organic crystals. Some of them are superconducting. This class of superconductors was only reported recently and investiga... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Nyaya of logic is said to have been founded by a sage named Gautama. He is also known as Gautama, Aksapada and Dirghatapas. The names Gotama and Gautama points to the family to which he belonged while the names Aksapada and Dirghatapas refer respectively to his meditative habit and practice of long penance. The peo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The presence of fulgurites in an area can be used to estimate the frequency of lightning over a period of time, which can help to understand past regional climates. Paleolightning is the study of various indicators of past lightning strikes, primarily in the form of fulgurites and lightning-induced remanent magnetizati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A device that can produce monochromatic light has many uses in science and in optics because many optical characteristics of a material are dependent on wavelength. Although there are a number of useful ways to select a narrow band of wavelengths (which, in the visible range, is perceived as a pure color), there are no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In proliferating cells, certain pRb conformations (when RxL motif if bound by protein phosphatase 1 or when it is acetylated or methylated) are resistant to CDK phosphorylation and retain other function throughout cell cycle progression, suggesting not all pRb in the cell are devoted to guarding the G1/S transition.
St... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The disadvantages in "receptivity" are compensated by the high sensitivity of C NMR signals to the chemical environment of the nucleus, i.e. the chemical shift "dispersion" is great, covering nearly 250 ppm. This dispersion reflects the fact that non-H nuclei are strongly influenced by excited states ("paramagnetic" c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermodynamic cycles may be used to model real devices and systems, typically by making a series of assumptions. simplifying assumptions are often necessary to reduce the problem to a more manageable form. For example, as shown in the figure, devices such a gas turbine or jet engine can be modeled as a Brayton cycle. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lauritzen–Hoffman growth theory breaks the kinetics of polymer crystallization into ultimately two rates. The model breaks down into the addition of monomers onto a growing surface. This initial step is generally associated with the nucleation of the polymer. From there, the kinetics become the rate which the pol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scytovirin is a 95-amino acid antiviral protein isolated from the cyanobacteria Scytonema varium. It has been cultured in E. coli and its structure investigated in detail. Scytovirin is thought to be produced by the bacteria to protect itself from viruses that might otherwise attack it, but as it has broad-spectrum ant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common organosulfur compounds present in petroleum fractions at the level of 200–500 ppm. Common compounds are thiophenes, especially dibenzothiophenes. By the process of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) in refineries, these compounds are removed as illustrated by the hydrogenolysis of thiophene: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), the incident electrons are normally focused in a converging cone-shaped beam with a crossover located at the sample, e.g. Figure 17, although other methods exist. Unlike the parallel beam, the convergent beam is able to carry information from the sample volume, not just a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fats are broken down by conversion to acyl-CoA. This conversion is one response to high energy demands such as exercise.
The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase. Fatty acids are converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common chemical shift ranges for nuclei within carbohydrate residues are:
*Typical H NMR chemical shifts of carbohydrate ring protons are 3–6 ppm (4.5–5.5 ppm for anomeric protons).
*Typical C NMR chemical shifts of carbohydrate ring carbons are 60–110 ppm
In the case of simple mono- and oligosaccharide molecules, all ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surprisals add where probabilities multiply. The surprisal for an event of probability is defined as . If is then surprisal is in nats, bits, or so that, for instance, there are bits of surprisal for landing all "heads" on a toss of coins.
Best-guess states (e.g. for atoms in a gas) are inferred by maximizing the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most basic rule of dimensional analysis is that of dimensional homogeneity.
However, the dimensions form an abelian group under multiplication, so:
For example, it makes no sense to ask whether 1 hour is more, the same, or less than 1 kilometre, as these have different dimensions, nor to add 1 hour to 1 kilometre.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 2015 paper by Jónasdóttir et al., marked the first comprehensive accounting for the amount of carbon sequestration resulting from the movement of lipids by vertically migrating zooplankton during their overwintering diapuse. Although only elucidating the impact of one particular species, in this case, C. finmarchic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLC, EC 3.1.4.11, triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphoinositidase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, PI-PLC, 1-phosphatidyl--myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltris... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The idea that life originated from non-living matter in slow stages appeared in Herbert Spencers 1864–1867 book Principles of Biology, and in William Turner Thiselton-Dyers 1879 paper "On spontaneous generation and evolution". On 1 February 1871 Charles Darwin wrote about these publications to Joseph Hooker, and set ou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thymidine diphosphate glucose (often abbreviated dTDP-glucose or TDP-glucose) is a nucleotide-linked sugar consisting of deoxythymidine diphosphate linked to glucose. It is the starting compound for the syntheses of many deoxysugars. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When laser cooling was proposed in 1975, a theoretical limit on the lowest possible temperature was predicted. Known as the Doppler limit, , this was given by the lowest possible temperature attainable considering the cooling of two-level atoms by Doppler cooling and the heating of atoms due to momentum diffusion from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Galling is adhesive wear that is caused by the microscopic transfer of material between metallic surfaces during transverse motion (sliding). It occurs frequently whenever metal surfaces are in contact, sliding against each other, especially with poor lubrication. It often occurs in high-load, low-speed applications, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many environmental health mapping tools. TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dissimilar metals and alloys have different electrode potentials, and when two or more come into contact in an electrolyte, one metal (that is more reactive) acts as anode and the other (that is less reactive) as cathode. The electropotential difference between the reactions at the two electrodes is the driving force f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Denitrification is the biochemical reduction of oxidized nitrogen anions, nitrate and nitrite to produce the gaseous products nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide () and nitrogen gas (), with concomitant oxidation of organic matter. The end product, , and to a lesser extent the intermediary by product, , are gases that re-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular biology, repeat-induced point mutation or RIP is a process by which DNA accumulates G:C to A:T transition mutations. Genomic evidence indicates that RIP occurs or has occurred in a variety of fungi while experimental evidence indicates that RIP is active in Neurospora crassa, Podospora anserina, Magnaporth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1906, Boltwood returned to Yale as an assistant professor of physics at a time when the newly discovered science of radioactivity was considered both chemistry and physics. He would eventually become the leading American scientist in the field, and be appointed chair of radiochemistry in 1910, a position that was t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Praseodymium(III) fluoride forms pale green crystals of trigonal system (or hexagonal system), space group P 3c1, (or P 6/mcm), cell parameters a = 0.7078 nm, c = 0.7239 nm, Z = 6, structure like cerium(III) fluoride (CeF). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although not well understood at the time, the Fürst-Plattner rule played a critical role during R. B. Woodward's synthesis of Reserpine. The problematic stereocenter is highlighted in red, below.
Woodward's synthetic strategy used a Bischler-Napieralski reaction to form the tetrahydrocarbazole portion of Reserpine. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A distinction is made between high-pressure and low-pressure inflatables. In a high-pressure inflatable, structural limbs like pillars and arches are built out of a tough, flexible material and then inflated at a relatively high pressure. These limbs hold up passive membranes. The space where the visitors or inhabitant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the history of the periodic table, Döbereiner's triads were an early attempt to sort the elements into some logical order and sets based on their physical properties. They are analogous to the groups (columns) on the modern periodic table. 53 elements were known at his time.
In 1817, a letter by reported Johann Wol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Devardas alloy (alloy of aluminium (~45%), copper (~50%) and zinc (~5%)) is a reducing agent that was commonly used in wet analytical chemistry to produce in situ' so-called nascent hydrogen under alkaline conditions for the determination of nitrates () after their reduction into ammonia ().
In the Marsh test, used fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In metal processing, a reducing atmosphere is used in annealing ovens for relaxation of metal stresses without corroding the metal. A non-oxidizing gas, usually nitrogen or argon, is typically used as a carrier gas so that diluted amounts of reducing gases may be used. Typically, this is achieved through using the comb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heat-shrinkable means just that, heat them up and they shrink, or more correctly, they recover in length. A heat-shrinkable sleeve starts out with a thick extruded poly olefin sheet (polyethylene or polypropylene) that is formulated to be cross-linkable. After extruding the thick sheet, it is taken to the "beam" wher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A random-coil conformation can be detected using spectroscopic techniques. The arrangement of the planar amide bonds results in a distinctive signal in circular dichroism. The chemical shift of amino acids in a random-coil conformation is well known in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Deviations from these signatures ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Sentmanat extensional rheometer (SER) is actually a fixture that can be field installed on shear rheometers. A film of polymer is wound on two rotating drums, which apply constant or variable strain rate extensional deformation on the polymer film. The stress is determined from the torque exerted by the drums. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The radical-pair is characterized as triplet or singlet by the spin state of the two lone electrons, paired together. The spin relationship is such that the two unpaired electrons, one in each radical molecule, may have opposite spin (singlet; anticorrelated), or the same spin (triplet; correlated). The singlet state i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been proposed that oxidative stress may play a major role in determining cardiac complications in COVID-19. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Galvanic phenomena were described in the literature before it was understood that they were of an electrical nature. In 1752, when the Swiss mathematician and physicist Johann Georg Sulzer placed his tongue between a piece of lead and a piece of silver, joined at their edges, he perceived a taste similar to that of iro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grasselli Brown serves on the boards of numerous non-profit organizations such as the Cleveland Hungarian Development Panel, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Breakthru, the Holden Arboretum, Martha Holden Jennings Foundation, Musical Arts Association of the Cleve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Andersen was awarded many Visiting Professorships around the world, including appointments in Sevilla, Lyon, Montpellier, New South Wales, and Zurich. He was also an Alexander von Humboldt Professor in various locations in Germany (1994). Andersen was also a member of the Royal Chemical Society, American Chemical Socie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The GRE subject test in chemistry is a standardized test in the United States created by the Educational Testing Service, and is designed to assess a candidate's potential for graduate or post-graduate study in the field of chemistry. It contains questions from many fields of chemistry. 15% of the questions will come ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many engineering disciplines engage in green engineering. This includes sustainable design, life cycle analysis (LCA), pollution prevention, design for the environment (DfE), design for disassembly (DfD), and design for recycling (DfR). As such, green engineering is a subset of sustainable engineering.
Green engineeri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is when a mesocrystal is formed by filling organic matrix compartments with crystalline matter. This crystalline matter would be oriented by the organic matrix. This is the process of biomineralization and this is how mesocrystals are produced in nature. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A refrigeration cycle, also known as heat pump, is a thermodynamic cycle that allows the removal of heat from a low temperature heat source and the rejection of heat into a high temperature heat source, thanks to mechanical power consumption. Traditional refrigeration cycles are subcritical, with the high pressure side... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common effect is fatigue or somnolence, particularly in older adults, although patients with pre-existing daytime sleepiness and fatigue may experience paradoxical improvement of these symptoms.
Escitalopram has not been shown to affect serial reaction time, logical reasoning, serial subtraction, multitask, or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primer walking is an example of directed sequencing because the primer is designed from a known region of DNA to guide the sequencing in a specific direction. In contrast to directed sequencing, shotgun sequencing of DNA is a more rapid sequencing strategy.
There is a technique from the "old time" of genome sequencing.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several Bioconductor packages, for the R software, provide the facility for creating MA plots. These include affy (ma.plot, mva.pairs), limma (plotMA), marray (maPlot), and edgeR(maPlot)
Similar "RA" plots can be generated using the raPlot function in the caroline [https://cran.r-project.org/ CRAN] R package.
An intera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The three proteins that play a direct role in the M-cluster synthesis are NifH, NifEN, and NifB. The NifB protein is responsible for the assembly of the Fe-S core of the cofactor; a process that involves stitching together two [4Fe-4S] clusters. NifB belongs to the SAM (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) enzyme superfamily. Duri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of N-linked glycosylation starts with the formation of dolichol-linked GlcNAc sugar. Dolichol is a lipid molecule composed of repeating isoprene units. This molecule is found attached to the membrane of the ER. Sugar molecules are attached to the dolichol through a pyrophosphate linkage (one phosphate was o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stratification is commonly seen in the planetary sciences.
Solar energy passes as visible radiation through the air, and is absorbed by the ground, to be re-emitted as heat radiation. The lower atmosphere is therefore heated from below (UV absorption in the ozone layer heats that layer from within). Outdoor air is thus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the presence of an appropriate transition metal (typically copper or rhodium), α-diazocarbonyl compounds are converted to transition metal carbenes, which undergo addition reactions in the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds to form cyclopropanes. Insertion into carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds is possible ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a technique to hyperpolarize samples without chemically modifying them. Compared to orthohydrogen or organic molecules, a much greater fraction of the hydrogen nuclei in parahydrogen align with an applied magnetic field. In SABRE, a metal center reversibly binds to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The copolymerization of ethylene with polar monomers has been heavily studied. The high oxophilicity of the early metals precluded their use in this application.
Efforts to copolymerize polar comonomers led to catalysts based upon nickel and palladium, inspired by the success of the Shell Higher Olefin Process. Typic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drago's research covered both the theoretical and practical side of acid-base chemistry. He developed the E and C equation as a quantitative model for acid-base reactions. His group used a variety of physical methods to probe intermolecular interactions and helped pioneer NMR studies of paramagnetic systems. He contrib... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Not all cells undergo a complete EMT, i.e. losing their cell-cell adhesion and gaining solitary migration characteristics. Instead, most cells undergo partial EMT, a state in which they retain some epithelial traits such as cell-cell adhesion or apico-basal polarity, and gain migratory traits, thus cells in this hybrid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eletrospraying is used to create alginate spheres by pumping an alginate solution through a needle. A source of high voltage usually provided by a clamp attached to the needle is used to generate an electric potential with the alginate falling from the needle tip into a solution that contains a ground. Calcium chlorid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blast waves cause damage by a combination of the significant compression of the air in front of the wave (forming a shock front) and the subsequent wind that follows. A blast wave travels faster than the speed of sound and the passage of the shock wave usually lasts only a few milliseconds. Like other types of explosio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Delafontaine studied with Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac at the University of Geneva. He also worked at the University of Geneva.
Delafontaine moved to the United States of America, arriving in New York in 1870, and later becoming a naturalized citizen.
He taught in Chicago, Illinois at city high schools, and at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From 1907 onward, Charles Moureu was a professor of chemical pharmacy at the École supérieure de Pharmacie in Paris. In 1913 he was named director of the laboratory of hydrological physical chemistry at the École pratique des hautes études.
He became a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine (from 1907), Académi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of chlorides to the steel surface, above a certain critical amount, can locally break the protective thin film of oxides on the steel surface, even if concrete is still alkaline, causing a very localized and aggressive form of corrosion known as pitting. Current regulations forbid the use of chloride conta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viruses (i.e., measles, mumps, or parainfluenza), especially viruses that have an RNA genome, have been shown to have evolved to utilize RNA modifications in many ways when taking over the host cell. Viruses are known to utilize the RNA modifications in different parts of their infection cycle from immune evasion to pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the early 20th century, chemists observed that various aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen could absorb wavelength specific light to generate a peroxide species. This discovery of oxygen's reduction by a photosensitizer led to chemists studying photosensitizers as photoredox catalysts for their roles in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chesapeake Bay is already experiencing the effects of climate change. Key among these is sea level rise: water levels in the bay have already risen one foot, with a predicted increase of 1.3 to 5.2 feet in the next 100 years. This has related environmental effects, causing changes in marine ecosystems, destruction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkenes that are particularly amenable to asymmetric hydrogenation often feature a polar functional group adjacent to the site to be hydrogenated. In the absence of this functional group, catalysis often results in low ees. For some unfunctionalized olefins, iridium with P,N'-based ligands) have proven effective, how... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pseudoephedrine is a stimulant, but it is well known for shrinking swollen nasal mucous membranes, so it is often used as a decongestant. It reduces tissue hyperemia, edema, and nasal congestion commonly associated with colds or allergies. Other beneficial effects may include increasing the drainage of sinus secretions... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a fast neutron reactor, the minor actinides produced by neutron capture of uranium and plutonium can be used as fuel. Metal actinide fuel is typically an alloy of zirconium, uranium, plutonium, and minor actinides. It can be made inherently safe as thermal expansion of the metal alloy will increase neutron leakage. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In common usage the terms "ring" and "ring system" are frequently interchanged, with the appropriate definition depending upon context. Typically a "ring" denotes a simple ring, unless otherwise qualified, as in terms like "polycyclic ring", "fused ring", "spiro ring" and "indole ring", where clearly a polycyclic ring ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Docosatetraenoylethanolamide (DEA) (Adrenoyl-ethanolamide) (Adrenoyl-EA) is an endogenous ethanolamide that has been shown to act on the cannabinoid (CB) receptor. DEA is similar in structure to anandamide (AEA, a recognized endogenous ligand for the CB receptor), containing docosatetraenoic acid in place of arachidoni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several gene families are involved in the processes of hyperaccumulation including upregulation of absorption and sequestration of heavy metal metals. These hyperaccumulation genes (HA genes) are found in over 450 plant species, including the model organisms Arabidopsis and Brassicaceae. The expression of such genes is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DCvC has been used to make molecules with complex topological properties. In the case of Borromean rings, DCvC is used to synthesize a three ring interlocking system. Thermodynamic templates are used to stabilize interlocking macrocycle growth. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optimal conditions for enantio-selective nucleophilic epoxidation depend on the substrate employed. Although a variety of substrates may be epoxidized using nucleophilic methods, each particular method tends to have limited substrate scope. This section describes asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidation methods, organizing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although intelectins require calcium ion for function, the sequences bear no resemblance to C-type lectins. In addition, merely around 50 amino acids (the fibronogen-like domain) align with any known protein, specifically the ficolin family. The first structural details of an intelectin comes from the crystal structure... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gitelson (1999) states, "The ratio between chlorophyll fluorescence at 735 nm and the wavelength range 700nm to 710 nm, F735/F700 was found to be linearly proportional to the chlorophyll content (with determination coefficient, r2, more than 0.95) and thus this ratio can be used as a precise indicator of chlorophyll co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In conventional δO analysis, both the δO values in carbonates and water are needed to estimate paleoclimate. However, for many times and places, the δO in water can only be inferred, and also the O/O ratio between carbonate and water may vary with the change in temperature. Therefore, the accuracy of the thermometer ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal amides (systematic name metal azanides) are a class of coordination compounds composed of a metal center with amide ligands of the form NR. Amido complexes of the parent amido ligand NH are rare compared to complexes with diorganylamido ligand, such as dimethylamido. Amide ligands have two electron pairs availabl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One important characteristic of a crystalline structure is its atomic packing factor (APF). This is calculated by assuming that all the atoms are identical spheres, with a radius large enough that each sphere abuts on the next. The atomic packing factor is the proportion of space filled by these spheres which can be wo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clathrates have been explored for many applications including: gas storage, gas production, gas separation, desalination, thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, and batteries.
* Clathrate compounds with formula ABX, where A is an alkaline earth metal, B is a group III element, and X is an element from group IV have been explo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peroxisomes are derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum under certain experimental conditions and replicate by membrane growth and division out of pre-existing organelles. Peroxisome matrix proteins are translated in the cytoplasm prior to import. Specific amino acid sequences (PTS or peroxisomal targeting signal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many cell assays have been developed to assess specific parameters or response of cells (biomarkers, cell physiology). Techniques used to study cells include :
*reporter assays using i.e. Luciferase, calcium signaling assays using Coelenterazine, CFSE or Calcein
*Immunostaining of cells on slides by Microscopy (ImmunoH... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capnellene derivatives have recently been identified as possible treatments for neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is characterized by damage to peripheral or central nerves that results in pathological nociceptive transmission, the neuronal process that responds noxious stimuli. Two capnellene derivatives Δ-capnellene... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
White light is directed vertically onto a multiple-layer system of a SiO, a high-refractive TaO and an additional SiO layer (this additional layer can be chemically modified). The partial beams of the white light are reflected at each phase boundary and then refracted (transmitted). These reflected partial beams superi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electroporation allows cellular introduction of large highly charged molecules such as DNA which would never passively diffuse across the hydrophobic bilayer core. This phenomenon indicates that the mechanism is the creation of nm-scale water-filled holes in the membrane. Electropores were optically imaged in lipid bil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vinylidene chloride and fluoride can be converted to linear polymers polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The polymerization reaction is:
: n CH=CX → (CH−CX)
These vinylidene polymers are isomeric with those produced from vinylene monomers. Thus polyvinylene fluoride from vinylene f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Negishi began dating Sumire Suzuki in his freshman year and they announced their engagement to their parents in March 1958. They had met at a choir of which they were both members at in university. They married the next year and together they had two daughters.
Negishi loved playing the piano and conducting. During the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Commonly used indicator bacteria include total coliforms, or a subset of this group, fecal coliforms, which are found in the intestinal tracts of warm blooded animals. Total coliforms were used as fecal indicators by public agencies in the US as early as the 1920s. These organisms can be identified based on the fact t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Otto Cycle is an example of a reversible thermodynamic cycle.
*1→2: Isentropic / adiabatic expansion: Constant entropy (s), Decrease in pressure (P), Increase in volume (v), Decrease in temperature (T)
*2→3: Isochoric cooling: Constant volume(v), Decrease in pressure (P), Decrease in entropy (S), Decrease in temper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, thermalisation (or thermalization) is the process of physical bodies reaching thermal equilibrium through mutual interaction. In general, the natural tendency of a system is towards a state of equipartition of energy and uniform temperature that maximizes the system's entropy. Thermalisation, thermal equil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United Kingdom, CChem candidates must meet the following requirements:
* Be a Member or a Fellow of the RSC;
* Hold a Master level accredited degree by the RSC (or equivalent);
* Show that the chemical science knowledge and skills acquired from their education and training are essential for fulfilling the needs ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In magnetically driven multiferroics the macroscopic electric polarization is induced by long-range magnetic order which is non-centrosymmetric. Formally, the electric polarisation, , is given in terms of the magnetization, , by
Like the geometric ferroelectrics discussed above, the ferroelectricity is improper, becau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scientists performing biomonitoring testing are able to detect and measure concentrations of natural and manmade chemicals in human blood and urine samples at parts-per-billion to parts-per-quadrillion levels. A 2006 U.S. National Research Council report found that while scientists were capable of detecting the chemica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although theoretically, any living cell might be used as the background to a two-hybrid analysis, there are practical considerations that dictate which is chosen. The chosen cell line should be relatively cheap and easy to culture and sufficiently robust to withstand application of the investigative methods and reagent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A topologically associating domain (TAD) is a self-interacting genomic region, meaning that DNA sequences within a TAD physically interact with each other more frequently than with sequences outside the TAD. The median size of a TAD in mouse cells is 880 kb, and they have similar sizes in non-mammalian species. Boundar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the presence of palladium acetate under 1-30 bar of CO, simple aromatic compounds convert to aromatic carboxylic acids. A PSiP-pincer ligand (5) promotes carboxylation of allene without using pre-functionalized substrates. Catalyst regeneration, EtAl was added to do transmetallation with palladium. Catalyst is regen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the free neutron, the decay energy for this process (based on the rest masses of the neutron, proton and electron) is . That is the difference between the rest mass of the neutron and the sum of the rest masses of the products. That difference has to be carried away as kinetic energy. The maximal energy of the beta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
No commercial applications of organoniobium compounds have been reported. They have found limited use in organic synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both the deoxygenation rate, and reaeration rate, can be temperature corrected, following the general formula.
where
* is the rate at 20 degrees Celsius.
*θ is a constant, which differs for the two rates.
* is the actual temperature in the stream in degC.
Normally θ has the value 1.048 for and 1.024 for .
An increa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original form of the Kelvin equation, published in 1871, is:
where:
* = vapor pressure at a curved interface of radius
* = vapor pressure at flat interface () =
* = surface tension
* = density of vapor
* = density of liquid
* , = radii of curvature along the principal sections of the curved interface.
This may ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Akin to pinacol couplings, imines are susceptible to reductive coupling leading to 1,2-diamines.
Imine are oxidized with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) to give an oxaziridines.
Imines are intermediates in the alkylation of amines with formic acid in the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction.
A rearrangement in carbohydrate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several bacteria that use the Entner–Doudoroff pathway for metabolism of glucose and are unable to catabolize via glycolysis (e.g., therefore lacking essential glycolytic enzymes such as phosphofructokinase as seen in Pseudomonas). Genera in which the pathway is prominent include Gram-negative, as listed bel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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